Chapter Nine

Question 1

Reproductive behavior involves…

Answer 1

courting, mating, parental behavior, and aggressiveness

Question 2

The three physical sex characteristics

Answer 2

genetics, gonads, genitals

Question 3

How do the sperm and egg replicate?

Answer 3

meiosis; each gamete ends up with 23 chromosomes at fertilization, 23 + 23 = 46

Question 4

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes?

Answer 4

autosomes

Question 5

The egg is always the…

Answer 5

X chromosome

Question 6

The sperm is…

Answer 6

either X or Y chromosome; determines sex of the baby

Question 7

Genetic sex is either…

Answer 7

XX or XY

Question 8

Gonadal sex is either…

Answer 8

ovaries or testes

Question 9

Genital sex is either…

Answer 9

external sex organs of both male and female

Question 10

The function of gonads

Answer 10

to produce gametes (ova or sperm) and to produce hormones which change your brain

Question 11

SRY protein

Answer 11

in a male fetus–> testes

absent in female fetus–> ovaries

Question 12

Hormones produced by the gonads do two things…

Answer 12

organizational effects (on brain and genitals) and activation effects (erection, ovulation)

Question 13

Mullerian System

Answer 13

in females; embryonic precursor of female internal sex organs (uterus and fallopian tubes); no special hormone necessary for development

Question 14

Wollfian System

Answer 14

in men; embryonic precursor of male internal sex organs (Vas deferens and seminal vesicles); special hormones needed–> anti-mullerian hormone and androgens

Question 15

Anti-mullerian hormone

Answer 15

produced by the testes which prevent the female system from developing

Question 16

Androgens

Answer 16

produced by the testes which promote the wollfian system

Question 17

dihydrotestosterone

Answer 17

produces external sex organs in men

Question 18

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 18

male; receptors are insensitive to androgens; female system turned off, but male system not promoted; external appearance of female, but genetically XY and gonadally a male (testes)

Question 19

Turners Syndrome

Answer 19

born with only one sex chromosome (X or X0); with no Y chromosome, testes do not develop, and body of female follows; XX is needed to develop ovaries so those are not present either; have appearance of female but can not reproduce

Question 20

primary sex characteristics

Answer 20

the changes necessary for reproduction- ova and sperm

Question 21

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 21

changes not necessary for reproduction- body hair, deepening voice

Question 22

process of secondary sex characteristics

Answer 22

hypothalamus –> gonadotropin releasing hormone –> anterior pituitary releases gonodotropic hormones (follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone) –> gonads release sex hormones (estradiol (female) and androgens (male)

Question 23

Ovulation

Answer 23

pituitary –> FSH which stimulates growth of follicle, follicle –> estrodial which goes back up into pituitary and grows uterine lining and anterior pituitary –> LH –> ovulation: when egg is released from follicle

Question 24

corpus luteum

Answer 24

an eggless follicle; already released the egg; releases progesterone and estrodial which promote pregnancy

Question 25

menstrual cycle

Answer 25

month growth/loss of lining of uterus

Question 26

estrous cycle

Answer 26

non-primates; takes 4 days

Question 27

hormone regulation or sexual behavior in males determined by..

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

castration cessation

Answer 28

take it away

Question 29

injection resurgence

Answer 29

comes back

Question 30

hormone regulation of sexual behavior in females determined by..

Answer 30

estradiol and progesterone estradiol levels surge 40 hours prior...receptive progesterone levels peak

Question 31

ovariectomy

Answer 31

causes cessation of behavior; proper sequence of estradiol causes progesterone resurgence and both need to be injected in the proper sequence

Question 32

How can hormones reverse normal behavior?

Answer 32

castrate a male rat, when given estradiol and progesterone it displays female behavior

Question 33

behavioral defeminization

Answer 33

prevent female sexual behaviors

Question 34

behavior masculinization

Answer 34

promotes male sexual behaviors

Question 35

pheromones

Answer 35

detected with olfactory system, many times below level of conscious awareness

Question 36

Lee Boot effect

Answer 36

female mice house together have cycles slow down and stop

Question 37

Written effect

Answer 37

if exposed to odor of a male, cycles will "restart"

Question 38

Vandenbergh effect

Answer 38

odor of male will accelerate onset of puberty in female

Question 39

Bruce effect

Answer 39

pregnancy will fail in mouse if she encounters a different male; if male is castrated, this does not occur

Question 40

Vermonasal Organ

Answer 40

projects to the accessory olfactory bulb; lesions elimated all of the effects talked about; evidence its found in humans

Question 41

olfactory synchronization

Answer 41

women spending time together end up with synchronized cycles; women spending more time in presence of males have shorter cycles than those who don't; women exposed to "donor" sweat have cycles that synchronize with the donor

Question 42

Garcia-Velasco & Mondragon (1991)

Answer 42

found an "organ" in nearly every 1,000 plastic surgery cases

Question 43

Is sexual behavior tied to menstrual cycles?

Answer 43

no; this is the case in other non-human species

Question 44

do women taking oral contraceptives have less deviation in sexual desire? or more?

Answer 44

less deviation

Question 45

When do married couples have more sex and more satisfaction?

Answer 45

when wife's testosterone levels are at their peak

Question 46

What happens when testosterone is removed in men?

Answer 46

sperm production and desire stops; prior experience may determine how quickly sexual desire decreases when testosterone is removed

Question 47

Of self-report data, how many people report homosexuality?

Answer 47

1-10%; no evidence of learning or changes in hormone levels

Question 48

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 48

adrenal glands secrete too many androgens; doesn't affect males but females show much higher rates of homosexuality/bisexuality

Question 49

Money et al. (1984)

Answer 49

reported rates near 40% with another 23% who didn't want to discuss orientation (cognate adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 50

Simon Levay

Answer 50

brain structure in hypothalamus differed in males and females; homosexual males = hetero females, vice versa problems with sample and method

Question 51

Bailey and Pillard (1991)

Answer 51

identical twins concordance rates or 52%; fraternal twins concordance rate- 22% similar numbers when twins reported lesbianism; compared to 1-10% of general population this is dramatic increase

Question 52

Medial preoptic area in parental behavior

Answer 52

lesions of MPA disrupt nest building/pup care in females with no disruption in sexual behavior; neurons of MPA are activated when maternal behavior occurs in female rodents; estradiol infused into MPA will facilitate maternal behavior in females; not often studied in males because many species do not get paternal involvement after birth

Question 53

prarie voles

Answer 53

monogamous, shows paternal behavior medial proptic area is same in males and females

Question 54

meadow voles

Answer 54

promiscuous very different size of medical preoptic area in males and females