Chapter III- Reproduction Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Gilt Puberty _________ of age
A
5 months of age
2
Q
beginning of the reproductive capability or sexual maturity of the animal.
A
Puberty
3
Q
boars and gilts are not yet ready for breeding.
A
Puberty
4
Q
when an animal’s reproductive system begins to develop
A
Puberty
5
Q
when the animal is fully able to reproduce.
A
Sexual maturity
6
Q
The period of sexual receptivity, called
A
estrus or heat period
7
Q
the estrus or heat period, lasts from _______
A
2 to 5 days
8
Q
Increasing estrogen secretion as the oocyte and follicle mature towards ovulation (release of the egg)
A
Follicular Phase
9
Q
Increasing progesterone from development of corpus luteum Phase of physiological changes surrounding the determination of pregnancy
A
Luteal Phase
10
Q
stage of follicular phase where oocyte has reached maturity.
A
Estrus
11
Q
Estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion peaks, causing the follicle to rupture and ovulation to occur
A
Estrus
12
Q
Ovulation typically occurs 24 - 48 hours of peak estrogen release
A
Estrus
13
Q
estrogen, LH, and FSH declined
A
Metestrus
14
Q
female is no longer sexually receptive to boar
A
Metestrus
15
Q
formation of the corpus luteum (CL, or ‘yellow body’) progesterone secretion begins.
A
Metestrus
16
Q
ovarian follicles, released oocytes (ovulation)
A
Metestrus
17
Q
begin the process of luteinization to become corpus hemmorhagicum, and then the corpus luteum.
A
Metestrus
18
Q
longest stage of estrous cycle,
A
Diestrus
19
Q
recognition of pregnancy during this phase
A
Diestrus
20
Q
progesterone continues increase (day 12) of gestation
A
Diestrus
21
Q
presence of viable embryos, enable pregnancy to persist.
A
Diestrus
22
Q
no viable oocytes are detected by day ______ of gestation, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) will act upon the CL, causing it to regress and reduce secretion of progesterone.
A
day 15
23
Q
Common signs of estrus
A
- swelling and reddening of the vulva;
- thick mucous discharge from the vagina;
- mounting other animals (mounting heat) or willingness to be mounted by others regardless of sex (standing heat); also, assumes characteristic mating position when touched on the back by a boar or caretaker;
- restlessness, moving around continuously, and grunting;
- reduced appetite
- attempting to frequently urinate with very little or no urine at all;
- difficult to be move or transfer in the presence of a boar; and
- reacts to the boars’ mating sound.
24
Q
Sexual receptivity
following methods
A
back pressure test,
riding-the-back test,
teaser boar method, and
examination of external signs of estrus and records
25
Pregnancy or Gestation Period
(best remembered as "3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days").
26
Pregnancy or Gestation Period ranges from_____ to_____
from 110 to 119 days with an average of 114 days
27
Common signs of pregnancy
- Cessation of estrous cycle
- Develops good appetite and fattens readily
- Enlargement of the abdomen towards the latter part of pregnancy
28
Animals in advanced stage of pregnancy show the following signs:
* Enlargement, swelling, and reddening of external genitalia,
* Nervousness and restlessness,
* Fully distended mammary glands,
* Presence of milk indicating farrowing within 24 hours; and
* Nest building in sows raised in pasture.
29
Methods and/ or equipment used in pregnancy diagnosis are as follows:
* Review of records
* Evaluation of external signs
* Ultrasound-Doppler tests
* Ultrasound Scanner
* Ultrasound-amplitude depth ultrasound machines
30
Advantages of detecting early pregnancy are as follows:
* provides easy identification of sows for culling or rebreeding, non- pregnant, feed wasting sows;
* Gives early warning of breeding problems due to infertile boars and cystic ovaries of sows;
* enables the producer to make efficient use of his breeding facilities and to plan more adequately for farrowing, nursing, and finishing
* Prevents selling of pregnant sows.
31
List 2 kinds of Mating Systems
Natural Mating
Artificial Insemination (AI)
32
Limitations of Al:
* trained technician.
* difficulty in storing diluted boar semen over a prolonged period.
* additional costs for equipment and laboratory chemicals
* success of AI depends largely on the accuracy of heat detection and subsequent timing of insemination on the part of a properly trained technician.
* proper handling of semen before and during insemination.
* guiding principle that gilts/ sows, which cannot conceive, following service of a normal boar, will not perform any better when artificially inseminated.
33
involves bringing the boar to mate an "in heat'' gilt/ sow or vice versa, and then separating the two after mating.
Natural Mating
34
termed as hand mating. A good record will help identify a compatible mating system.
Natural Mating
35
Hand mating is practiced for the following reasons
- Allows producers to easily identify which sow or gilt is bred and which is not;
- Permits the prediction of the farrowing date; and
- Allows producers to easily determine the reproductive performance of the sow.
36
most practical and efficient method to carry out genetic improvement in swine
Artificial Insemination (AI)
37
This technique has gained wide acceptance among many Filipino swine raisers due to the following advantages:
* Increases the number of sows that can be serviced by a boar;
* Eliminates injuries, which may result from mating small gilts or sows with large boars;
* Reduces, if not completely controls, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases;
* Allows small raisers to keep a few sows without maintaining a boar;
* allows economical use· of performance-tested boars; and ~
* Provides access for breeding distantly located females more conveniently and with less transport costs.
38
39
Training of Boar, Remember the following:
* Boars differ in characteristics and attitude. The same is true among different breeds.
* Always check the semen quality and quantity.
* Check for any abnormalities like small testicles and insufficient erection.
39
Training of Boar starts at around ____ age.
6 1⁄2-7 months of age
40
Boars for training
housed individually
41
Younger than this age, boars are ____ to train.
quite difficult
42
If there is a _______ , it is wise to train the boar there.
collecting pen
43
Some boars prefer to be inside their own pen when semen collection is done. In this case, a
___________will be necessary.
movable dummy
44
* One of the basic differences between AI and natural breeding is that the AI technician is responsible for many of the tasks normally performed by the boar at mating.
Semen collection
45
__________ is brought inside the pen, and it is a common practice that boars are trained in the same place.
dummy
46
AI technician understands the ________
natural processes of semen production
47
responsible for many of the tasks normally performed by the boar at mating.
AI technician
48
The technician should understand the
behavior of each boar he handles
49
carried before entering the collecting pen.
clean, dry, and warm collecting cup covered with filter
50
Procedure in semen collection
1. clean, dry, and warm collecting cup covered with filter
2. Prior to the collection, hands should be washed and dried.
3. Introduce the boar to the dummy sow in the collecting pen.
4. Allow the boar to mount the dummy sow in his own time.
5. Pressure exerted in gripping the penis can be learned through experience.
6. Be patient because the collection may take between 5-20 minutes.
51
Once mounted, the boar will begin its ________
thrusting movements
52
Pressure exerted in gripping the penis
Pressure exerted in gripping the penis
53
While ejaculating, some boars prefer a
rhythmic contraction of the hand
54
Boar is allowed to extend his penis on its full length
thrusting movements stop and ejaculation start
55
extend his penis on its full length. Once in this state, ___________
slightly loosen the grip
56
Attempting to locate the sow' s vulva
grasp the penis with the fingers lightly at first and then firmly.
57
use gloves ,_____ _____ are recommended
vinyl gloves
58
Remove ______ and _______ by massaging the prepuce starting from the base and pushing steadily forward.
Remove urine and preputial fluid
59
clean the surrounding area of the prepuce with ________ or __________
paper towel or tissue paper
60
penis should not be ______
pulled out
61
occurs boar's penis is 'locked'
4-phase ejaculation process
62
boar should be observed after collection to ensure penis is _____
fully retracted
63
Large amounts of gel signal
end of ejaculation
64
65
clear seminal fluid, some gel, and dead sperm cells
First phase (pre-sperm fraction)
66
not be collected
heavily contaminated w/ bacteria
First phase (pre-sperm fraction)
67
creamy-white in colour
Second phase (sperm-rich fraction
68
Second phase (sperm-rich fraction) ______ml
50mL
69
greatest density of spermatozoa
Second phase (sperm-rich fraction
70
Second phase (sperm-rich fraction)
Collect in the _______
pre-warmed thermos or cup
71
greyish in colour
Third phase
72
due to the lower density of spermatozoa
Third phase
73
Third phase ___ ml
80ml
74
Clear seminal plasma (free of spermatozoa)
Fourth phase (post-sperm fraction)
75
gel is secreted from the accessory glands (the gel is separated from the collection by gauze, or similar
material, fastened over the collection flask)
Fourth phase (post-sperm fraction)
76
Fourth phase (post-sperm fraction) ______ml
up to 250ml
77
Be patient because the collection may take between ______minutes.
5-20 minutes
78
Do not release the penis until the boar has _____
finished ejaculating
79
Immediately after collection, the sperm rich portion of the semen is taken to the laboratory for evaluation.
Semen Evaluation
80
The semen is evaluated in terms of
physical
microscopic parameters.
81
Physical
Volume -
Appearance -
Smell/Odor -
82
A mature boar should produce ____ ml sperm-rich semen per ejaculation.
75-150 ml
83
The sperm-rich fraction of the semen should be_______
thick and opaque-white
84
A ______ color indicates possible infection or injury of the urethra or the glans penis.
reddish color
85
A clean ejaculate has _____odor
little odor
86
ejaculate that has been contaminated with preputial fluid has a ____ odor
very distinctive odor
87
sperm concentration should be at least ______
3 B spz/ dose (100 ml)
88
A concentration of ______ is recommended during summer months to compensate for lower production due to heat stress.
6 B spz
89
At least ______ of the sperm cells, exhibit a progressive movement
70%
90
at least ______ normal sperm cells. Sperm cell abnormalities such as the presence of cytoplasmic
75%
91
At least 70% of the sperm cells, exhibit a progressive movement
Motility
92
at least 75% normal sperm cells. Sperm cell abnormalities such as the presence of cytoplasmic
Morphology
93
no signs of movement
Grade 0
94
: move but fail to progress forward
Grade 1
95
move slowly and in a poorly defined direction
Grade 2
96
move forward but at a slower speed and/or in a curved direction
Grade 3
97
Fast and forward progression where sperm move in a straight direction
Grade 4
98
Semen processing.
1. Semen collected and evaluated is immediately processed to preserve the potency of the sperm for a period of time. Highest conception rate may be obtained if the semen is used within 12 hours of collection and dilution.
2. Dilution allows the use of one ejaculate for more than one female. Besides providing a favorable medium for the sperm cells, a diluent or extender provides them necessary nourishment.
3. It also protects the sperm cells from harmful microorganisms or foreign bodies.
99
after processing, ______ the extended semen *ideal temperature of ______
refrigerate 16°-l7°C.
100
Handling and transport of semen.
make sure temperature needed by semen is ideal.
101
too low and too high temperatures during transport
decrease the motility of the sperm
102
Inseminating an in-heat sow/gilt.
The steps in artificially inseminating sows/ gilts are as follow:
1.Bathe the sow/ gilt paying particular attention to the vulva and its surrounding areas.
2. Clean your hands and dry them before you begin the insemination.
3. Lubricate the catheter with a non-spermicidal jelly or paraffin oil or few drops of semen.
4. Invert the semen bottle 2-3 times to mix the semen. Insert the nozzle into the end of the catheter.
5. Grasp the tip of the vulva between the thumb and forefinger, then pull it slightly downwards until it is almost perpendicular to the ground.
6. Insert the catheter into the vagina with the point directed slightly upward about 45° to prevent entrance into the urinary bladder.
7. Twist, with a slight thrusting pressure, the spiral catheter counter clockwise until it is "locked" in the cervix. A correct lock is achieved when the catheter tends to spring back when pulled.
8. Rub gently the sow' s back or flank during insemination to induce uterine contractions.
9. Re-inseminate the sow in 12-24 hours.
10. Protect the sow from any form of stress after the insemination. It is best if insemination is done in the sow1 s individual pen.
103
best time to inseminate a gilt/ sow __________
better farrowing rate and litter size in both gilts and sows.
first 30 hours of the estrus phase
104
Second dose
Second dose
105
12 hours (for gilts) 24 hours (for sows)
Second dose
106
genetic contribution is determined by _______ and __________
boars and gilts selected and
breeding program used.
107
The performance level of a swine herd is determined by both ______ and ______
genetics and environment
108
once free spermatozoa are present in semen
Puberty in Boars
109
boar reaches puberty at around
4-6 months
110
BOAR: ready for breeding
old?
kg?
8 months old
120-130 kg or more (controlled feeding)
111
BOAR: ready for breeding producing ____
good-quality and -quantity of semen
112
BOAR: ready for breeding
large enough to mount and mate with a normal-sized female
113
purchased boar _______ weeks before used for breeding, enough time to select the superior animals
6-8 weeks
114
When to Buy Boars Boars: Once selected,
check them for health condition and evaluate their reproductive performance
115
Transporting Newly Purchased Boars
* transported with proper care
* ensure maximum safety to minimize stress, injury, and diseases.
116
transport boars:
Any stressful condition or disease can
lower fertility or even lead to temporary infertility (last for 6-8 weeks)
117
boar utilization
- natural
- artificial
- combined system
(AI on first service then natural as follow-up service or vice versa)
-sandwich system
(natural Al-natural, natural-AI-AI, or AI-natural-AI) of breeding
118
____extra boar for every ____ sows
1 -30
119
Start service of boars ________ age.
8 months of age
120
First service introduce the boar to sow on _____
standing heat
121
Replace boars every
1.5-2 years
122
It is advisable that boars be of different _____
different ages and sizes
123
Acclimatize new boars at least _____before use and after a prescribed quarantine period.
1 week before use
124
Check semen quality (at least every _________) especially during summer
6 months
125
Subject newly acquired boars to _____
blood test
126
____caretaker should handle the boar
1 caretaker
127
mating area
not slippery
