Chapter One Flashcards
What is aseptic technique?
A technique that prevents contamination by unwanted microorganisms. Aseptic means to prevent infection, and the technique is now standard practice in labs and for many medical procedures.
What is spontaneous generation? Also, list examples.
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life.
Accepted during the 19th century, people believed toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil, flies could emerge from manure, and maggots could arise from decaying corpses.
What is biogenesis?
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life.
What is the difference between biogenesis and spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation is the theory that living organisms may be created from non-living matter, as shown by the presence of life in supposedly sterile conditions. Biogenesis is the theory that all living matter originates from other living matter.
What is fermentation?
The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbes (yeast) are responsible for fermentation.
What is pasteurization?
The application of a high heat for a short amount of time. Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed using heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine.
What is the Germ Theory of Disease? What did it lead to?
The connection between food spoilage and microorganisms led to the identification of the relationship of microorganisms with plants and animals. Showed microorganisms can cause disease, which was a difficult concept to sell in the 1800s.
In the 1840s, it led to the advocacy of hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. In the 1860s, it led to the use of chemical disinfectants to prevent surgical wound infections.
Define vaccination.
Prevent infection. Derived from vacca for cow.
Define immunity
The protection provided by a vaccination or by the recovery from the disease itself.
What are synthetic drugs and give an example of one.
Synthetic drugs are antimicrobial drugs synthesized by chemical procedures in the laboratory. They can mimic or strengthen the effect of naturally occurring drugs. An example of this is salvarsan, which is a synthetic arsenic drug that treats syphilis.
Define antibiotics.
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. They were first discovered by accident by Alexander Fleming.
Who discovered and named the cell in 1665?
Robert Hooke. He looked at cork and thought ridges looked like the cells that monks live in
*Book called micrographia
The first microorganism he visualized: a fungus
Who was the first to describe microorganisms (animalcules) in the 1600’s?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.
What is cell theory and who worked on it?
1.) All living things are composed of cells
2.) Cells are the most basic unit of life
3.) All cells come from preexisting cells
(Scheldin, Schwan, and Vervow)
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a “vital force” forms life
Spontaneous Generation
Koch’s Postulate
Prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
1.) Suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2.) Suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3.) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4.) Suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
