Chapter One

Question 1

immunology

Answer 1

study of physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by all sorts of other organisms

Question 2

immunization/ vaccination

Answer 2

procedure whereby severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease

Question 3

what are the four pathogens

Answer 3

bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites

Question 4

what is the bodys first defense against infection

Answer 4

the skin

Question 5

immunity

Answer 5

the bodys capacity to remember previous pathogen encounters and protect against subsequent infection by that same pathogen

Question 6

epithelium is protected by layers of

Answer 6

keratinized cells

Question 7

how can the epithelium be breached

Answer 7

wounds,burns or surgical procedures

Question 8

epithelia lines

Answer 8

body cavities as well

Question 9

respiratory, gastro and urogenital tract lined with

Answer 9

mucus

Question 10

how does mucus move in these tracts

Answer 10

beating of cilia, act like escalator to move things out

Question 11

epithelia produce what that kill bacteria, fungi,and enveloped viruses by perturbing their membranes

Answer 11

anitmicrobial peptides

Question 12

innate immune response has two parts

Answer 12

1. recognition of pathogen

2. recruitment of destructive effector mechanisms

Question 13

effector mechanisms come from

Answer 13

effector cells

Question 14

cytokines

Answer 14

soluble proteins that interact with other cells to trigger innate immune response

Question 15

overall effect of innate immune response is to

Answer 15

induce state of inflammation

Question 16

pathogen can outrun innate if person

Answer 16

malnourished, poorly housed, deprived of sleep, or stressed in other ways

Question 17

lymphocytes are

Answer 17

white blood cells

Question 18

adaptive immune response

Answer 18

organized around an ongoing infection and adapts to nuances of the infecting agent

Question 19

adaptive immunity evolved only in

Answer 19

vertebrates

Question 20

receptors in innate immunity are not

Answer 20

specific

Question 21

receptors in adaptive immunity are

Answer 21

specific to specific pathogen

Question 22

lymphocytes recognize pathogens by using

Answer 22

cell surface receptors

Question 23

the genes of lymphocytes receptors have

Answer 23

cut, spliced and modified during lymphocyte development

Question 24

innate immunity is what type of response

Answer 24

rapid, constant

Question 25

adaptive immunity is what type of response

Answer 25

slow response (days to weeks), improves during response

Question 26

clonal selection/ clonal expansion

Answer 26

specific lymphocyte receptors chosen to proliferate and differentiate of effector cells to kill pathogen

Question 27

what causes the time frame of adaptive immunity

Answer 27

response of having to build effector cells to that specific pathogen

Question 28

immunological memory

Answer 28

elicit a stronger and faster adaptive response, terminating infection with less illness, memory cells

Question 29

memory cells create what kind of immunity

Answer 29

acquired memory/ protective immunity

Question 30

primary immune response

Answer 30

first time an adaptive immune response is made to given pathogen

Question 31

secondary immune response

Answer 31

adaptive immune response is made but with memory cells

Question 32

leukocytes

Answer 32

WBCs

Question 33

hematopoiesis

Answer 33

generate blood cells

Question 34

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell creates

Answer 34

leukocytes, erthrocytes, megakaryocytes,

Question 35

in embryo, where are hematopoietic stem cells made

Answer 35

fetal liver

Question 36

3-7month of fetal life, hematopoietc cells made where

Answer 36

spleen

Question 37

4 to 5 month of fetal life, hemtopoietc cells made

Answer 37

in bone marrow

Question 38

in adulthood where is hematopoietic cells made

Answer 38

bone marrow

Question 39

hematopoietic cells divide into

Answer 39

common lymphoid precursor and common myeloid precursor

Question 40

what are the three lineages of blood cells

Answer 40

erythroid lineage myeloid lineage lymphoid lineage

Question 41

is the erythroid lineage considered immune cells

Answer 41

no

Question 42

what cells are in the erythroid lineage

Answer 42

megakaryocyte, erythroblast, erythrocyte and platelets

Question 43

megakaryocyte produce what

Answer 43

platelets

Question 44

myeloid lineage produces

Answer 44

leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 45

myleoid lineage is associate with what type of immunity

Answer 45

innate

Question 46

where is the myeloid lineage found

Answer 46

blood and tissues

Question 47

lymphoid lineage contains

Answer 47

leukocytes, lymphocytes, B cells and T cells and NK cells

Question 48

lymphoid lineage deal with what immunity

Answer 48

adaptive

Question 49

monocytes turn into

Answer 49

macrophages

Question 50

lymphocytes especially B and T cells found

Answer 50

in lymphoid tissues and organs

Question 51

primary lymphoid tisses are

Answer 51

bone marrow and thymus

Question 52

secondary lymphoid tissues are

Answer 52

spleen, tonsils, adendoids, lymph nodes, peyers patches

Question 53

lymphocytes travel by

Answer 53

blood and lymph

Question 54

when does a lymphocyte stop recirculating

Answer 54

when encountering pathogen

Question 55

step by step movement of lymphocyte

Answer 55

in blood, leave blood and enter secondary lymph tissue, leave and enter efferent lymph vessels, leave efferent lymph vessels back into blood by left subclavian vein

Question 56

effector molecules are associated with

Answer 56

cytokine and chemokine | produced by immune cells

Question 57

what are the cell surface receptors for B cells

Answer 57

immuoglobulins

Question 58

what are the cell surface receptors of T cells

Answer 58

T cell receptors

Question 59

immunoglobulins secrete

Answer 59

antibodies

Question 60

immunoglobulin counterpart

Answer 60

antigen

Question 61

antibodies also known as

Answer 61

antigen receptors

Question 62

what are three types of T cells

Answer 62

cytotoxic, helper and regulator t cell

Question 63

lady mary wortley montague introduced what

Answer 63

introduced small pox infection to help build immunity, 1721

Question 64

Edward jenner

Answer 64

1796, innoculation with cow pox that did not infect people but would protect people from small pox

Question 65

Edward jenner coined term

Answer 65

vaccination

Question 66

who helped eradicate small pox

Answer 66

D A Henderson

Question 67

does innate response generate immunological memory

Answer 67

no

Question 68

without the innate immunity

Answer 68

adaptive immune response cannot be initiated

Question 69

without adaptive immunity

Answer 69

infection can be contained by innate but not be cleared from body

Question 70

what are the two mechanisms of pathogenesis

Answer 70

direct and indirect