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Immunology > Chapter Three > Flashcards

Chapter Three Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the cells that express receptors in innate immunity

A

Macrophages, NK cells, and other cells of innate immunity

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2
Q

what is the general property of innate receptors

A

recognize distinguishable features that recognize microbial vs mammalian cell

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3
Q

what are some of the distinguishing features from a microbial vs mammalian cell in innate immunity

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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4
Q

downfall of general property of innate receptors

A

human cells can carry some same characteristics as fungi, virus, bacteria and parasites

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5
Q

receptors: recognize one pathogen specie or many

A

many

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6
Q

why is it so good receptor can recognize multiple pathogenic species

A

take less receptors to recognize many pathogens

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7
Q

how many innate immune receptors

A

about 100

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8
Q

innate cell expresses how many receptors

A

subset of them

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9
Q

why so good cell can express many different receptors

A

diversity increases the probability that some fraction of the cells will be able to respond effectively to any given pathogen
even if human population has no exposure to

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10
Q

what do all body tissues contain

A

resident macrophages

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11
Q

function of resident macrophages

A

ready to attack any encroaching microorganism, commensal or pathogen

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12
Q

what receptors are on resident macrophages

A

CR1 and CR2 and other receptors

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13
Q

CR1 and 2 combine with other receptors on macrophages to do what

A

work together to bind the invaders and trigger their phagocytosis by macrophage

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14
Q

what ligands are recognized by phagocytic receptors

A

bacterial carbohydrates and lipids

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15
Q

lectins

A

cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize carbohydrates

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16
Q

what are the two receptors that are lectins on macrophages

A

mannose receptor and dectin-1

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17
Q

what coordinates the interaction of the carbohydrate ligand with receptors

A

calcium ion

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18
Q

if calcium ion is involved for interaction of carbohydrate with receptors, what are the lectin receptors names

A

C-type lectins

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19
Q

what is the characteristic ligand-binding domain on c-type lectins

A

c-type lectin domain

CTLD

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20
Q

what makes different c-type lectins differ

A

the number of domains, CTLD

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21
Q

dectin-1 has how many CTLD

A

one

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22
Q

Mannose receptor has how many CTLD

A

8

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23
Q

mannose has another carbohydrate recognition domain where?

A

at amino terminus

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24
Q

what binds to other carbohydrate domain in mannose

A

sulfated galactosamine residues, R-type lectin

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25
what are scavenger receptors (SR)
cell surface receptors on macrophages that scavenge damaged molecules of low density lipoprotein from blood
26
what are the two types of SR
SR-A and SR-B
27
what do SR-B recognizes
lipopeptides
28
what do SR-A recognize
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and the techoic acid of gram positive bacteria CpG-rich bacterial DNA
29
what do SR-A illustrate about binding to ligands
shows receptors of innate immunity can bind physically similar but chemically different ligands
30
what is a structural feature of several innate immunity receptors
segments of collagen-like triple helix
31
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) recognizes
gram negative and positive bacteria
32
examples of receptors that have collagen like triple helix
SR-A and MARCO
33
what serves as binding site of triple helices
rigid rods
34
advantage of triple helix
allows carbohydrate- recognition domain and other ligand binding sites to be held at distance from cell surface away from clutter of macromolecules at membrane receptor has greater access to pathogen surfaces
35
what receptors are integrins
CR3 and CR4
36
CR3 and CR4 recognize
lipophosphoglycan, hemagglutinin protein, glucans
37
ligands are high or low density on surface for macrophage to bind
high, enables numerous receptor molecules to bind their ligands in cooperative fashion
38
consequence of high density on surface of microorganism and attachment to macrophage
creates irreversible attachment between pathogen and macrophage
39
receptor mediated endocytosis is caused by
after securely capturing pathogen with high density, macrophage initiates engulfment
40
endosome or phagosome
membrane bound vessicle
41
phagolysosomes
fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, acidic vessicles that are loaded with degradative enzymes and toxic substances for destroying pathogen
42
receptor mediated endocytosis is
pathogen surrounded by receptor macrophage, englufed into phagosome that fuses to phagolysosome
43
Toll-like receptors are (TLRs)
signaling receptor, instruct macrophage to recruit additional cells of innate immunity to infected tissue
44
how many genes encode TLR1-TLR10
10 genes
45
structure of TLR
one extracellular domain recognizes pathogens, there is a conserved cytoplasmic signaling domain for conveying info to inside of cell
46
Leucine rich repeat region is | LRR
the pathogen recognition domain of toll like receptor protein
47
LRR has a repeated sequence of
20 to 29 amino acid residues, mostly containing leucine
48
what makes LRR special
variation in number of amino acids allows for different toll like receptors different specificities for microbial ligands
49
functional TLR consist of two
TLR proteins
50
TLR proteins can either be
homodimers or heterodimers
51
LPS is released from what kind of bacteria
gram negative bacteria
52
when LPS released from pathogen surface it binds to
CD14, protein on macrophage surface
53
CD14 acts as
coreceptor to TLR4
54
TLR4 associates with what protein to create complex with CD14
MD2
55
TIR is what
the signaling domain in TLR
56
extracellular recognition of pathogen causes cytoplasmic TIR domain of TLR4 to
bind to similar TIR domain of MyD88 protein
57
adaptor protein
brings together two signaling components
58
what is an example of an adaptor protein
MyD88
59
what does the MyD88 domain bind with after attaching to TLR4
IRAK4, protien kinase
60
once IRAK4 is bound to MyD88 what happens
the kinase phophorylates itself, dissociates from complex and phosphorylates another adaptor protein
61
what is the adaptor protein that attaches to kinase of IRAK4
TRAF6
62
after attachment to TRAF6 what is overall outcome
activation of a kinase complex called inhibitor of kb kinase (IKK)
63
function of IKK
to activate a transcription factor, nuclear factor Kb (NFkB)
64
where is NFkB held
in cytoplasm as inactive complex with inhibitor of kB (IkB)
65
when phosphyrlation of what allows IKK to release NFkB from inhibition moving from cytoplasm to nucleus
IkB
66
when NFkB is in nucleus then
initiates transcription of genes for cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other proteins that are necessary to establish a state of inflammation in the infected tissue
67
X linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency (NEMO) is
lack one of the subunits of IKK and thus have impaired activation of NFkB, more susceptible to bacterial infection abnormalities in the teeth, skin and hair
68
what gender usually has NEMO
males
69
cytokines
small soluble proteins used as a means of communication between cells
70
binding of cytokine to receptor induces
intracellular signals the change the behavior of the second cell
71
life expectancy of cytokines
short lived
72
when cytokine released how far do they travel
not very far
73
purpose of cytokines
helps reduce damage to tissues by restricting area
74
when resident macrophages become activated they recruit other cells by secreting
inflammatory cytokines
75
another name for inflammatory cytokines
pro-inflammatory cytokines
76
major role of cytokines
allow neutrophils into area since they are denied access to healthy tissues
77
IL-1B and TNF-a induce changes in
endothelial cells of blood vessels in the infected tissue that allow fluid and cells to leave the blood
78
CXCL8 cytokine does what
chemokine chemoattractant that attracts neutrophils away from blood and toward infected area where macrophages are secreting inflammatory cytokines
79
CXCL8 binds with
neutrophil, creating signal to have cells move up concentration gradient of chemokine
80
IL-12 induces
NK cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines that sustain macrophage activation
81
in swelling , death of neutrophils is phagozytosed by
macrophages
82
temperature increased in swelling is due to
IL-6, adjusts muscle and fat cells and increases their metabolism
83
NOD-like Receptors (NLR) purpose
receptors in cytoplasm that detect products derived from the intracellular degradation of phagocytosed pathogens
84
what are the two types of NLR
NOD1 and NOD2
85
function of NOD1 and NOD2
recognize components of bacterial cell walls
86
what is central domain of NLR called
nucleotide binding oligomerization domain, NOD | receptors form oligomers
87
carboxy side of NOD has
pathogen recognition domain made up of LRR
88
amino side of NOD has
caspase recruitment domain CARD
89
Function of CARD
recruit signaling proteins that have the same type of CARD domain as the NOD receptors
90
when receptor recognizes ligand, CARD domain of receptor dimerizes with CARD domain of
RIPK2 | a serine threonine kinase
91
when bound to RPIK2 then
RIPK2 can phosphorylate and activate TAKI,
92
TAKI activates
IKK
93
IKK activates
NFkb

Immunology (4 decks)

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