Anatomy > Chapter One Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter One Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomic Nomenclature

A

The proper terms used to name body components. Also known as Nomina Anatomica.

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of body structure. Synonymous with Morphology: The study of form

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3
Q

Auscultation

A

Evaluation of body structures based on the noise they produce.

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4
Q

Biological Macromolecules

A

Large organic molecules that are synthesized from smaller organic components. Four main groups are: Proteins, Lipids, Polysaccharides, and Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

Cell

A

A unit of living matter matter with a semipermeable membrane; capable of reproduction

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6
Q

Diagnostic Imaging

A

Various techniques used to demonstrate the relationships of body components without invading the body.

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7
Q

Dissection

A

The process of methodically cutting the body apart in order to study its individual components and their relationships.

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8
Q

Lumen

A

The hollow space within a tubular organ.

ex: visceral body systems, heart, vessels, brain, spinal cord

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9
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

The lining layer of the tubular organs of the visceral body systems. Contains epithelium and connective tissue, and typically muscle tissue as well.

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10
Q

Normal Anatomic Position

A

Standing, arms hanging with palms to the front

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11
Q

Organ

A

A body structure composed of at least two different tissues.

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12
Q

Organelle

A

A structural subcomponent of a cell, composed of various combinations of biological macromolecules.

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13
Q

Palpitation

A

The ID and study of body parts by touch and feel.

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14
Q

Parenchyma

A

The functional part of an organ.
ex of gland: secretory cells would be the parenchyma and the connective tissue framework would be the stroma. (Structural part of the organ)

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15
Q

Plane

A

A flat surface virtually passed through the body for the purpose of comparing positional relationships.

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16
Q

Principals of Morphology

A

Structural design features of the body.

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17
Q

Tubulation

A

Hollowness that continues from organ to organ.

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18
Q

Stratification

A

Layering. skin, intestinal wall

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19
Q

Zygomorphism

A

Bilateral Symmetry. eyes, ears, limbs, ribs

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20
Q

Metamerism

A

Linear sequencing. vertebrae, ribs, superior and inferior limbs..

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21
Q

Cavitation

A

Space between organs.

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22
Q

Serous Membrane

A 
Thin, transparent membrane formed of epithelium and connective tissue that lines closed body cavities.
Named pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdomen)
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23
Q

System

A

A group of organs that fulfills a specific function. Separated into Visceral and Somatic.

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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying and naming plants and animals. The major taxa within animal kingdom are: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Mankind: Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, and Sapiens

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25
Tissue
A group of similar cells and their extracellular products. Four basic tissues: Muscle, Epithelial, Connective and Nervous
26
Viscus
Any organ that belongs to one of the visceral body systems. (TOM)
27
ana
up, apart
28
chord
a string
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sect
to cut
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hetero
different
31
homo
man
32
meros
part
33
meta
between, after
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mono
single, alone
35
morph
shape
36
noto
back
37
logo
discourse
38
palp
touch, feel
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peri
around
40
physis
nature
41
poly
many
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sagitta
arrow
43
sapiens
knowing, wise
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serum
whey
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sonus
sound
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stereo
three-dimensional
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sub
under, below
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tome
cut
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trophein
to nourish
50
ultra
beyond, excessive
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zygon
a yoke
52
Gross Anatomy
Body structures large enough to study without magnification
53
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures requiring magnification up to 1000x
54
Ultrastructural Anatomy
Structures studied with magnification over 1000x
55
Developmental Anatomy
Changes from fertilization to maturity
56
Radiological Anatomy
Images of body structures using x-ray techniques.
57
Functional Anatomy
The interrelationships and mechanics of body parts.
58
Clinical Anatomy
Anatomy applied to diagnosis and treatment of diseases
59
Regional Anatomy
Specific regional parts of the body (head, thorax, limbs)
60
Systemic Anatomy
Anatomy of the body divided into its organ systems
61
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous structures of different animal species
62
Pathological Anatomy
Structural changes that occur during disease
63
Surgical Anatomy
Related to surgical procedures
64
Topographic Anatomy
Positional interrelationships of body structures
65
Surface Anatomy
The form and markings of the surface of the body
66
Radiography
Using x-rays to produce photograph-like images. Painless, non-invasive, but harmful (carcinogenic)
67
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Uses magnetic fields to excite electrons in certain chemical components of the body. Energy given off can be captured and displayed and cathode ray tubes. Painless, non-invasive and harmless
68
Ultrasonography
Uses low energy vibrations to image body parts. Waves bounce off internal organs and as they return to surface are collected and displayed on a screen. Painless, non invasive and harmless...but not high resolution
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Injection/Maceration
Injecting plastic resin into hollow organs and then immersing the structures into corrosive chemicals to dissolve the tissue and make a mold.
70
Aerobic
Require oxygen
71
Heterotrophic
Use carbon-based organic compounds for energy.
72
Chordata
includes the animals that possess a dorsal hollow neural tube, a notochord, and pharyngeal pouches.
73
Neural tube
Becomes brain and spinal cord
74
Notochord
differentiates into the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral disks
75
Pharyngeal Pouches
Differentiate into the tympanic membrane, palatine tonsils, thymus, and the parathyroid glands.
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Mammals
Vertebrates characterized by hair, mammary glands, three pairs of auditory ossicles and most of them have four limbs.
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Primates
Have prehensile limbs and large brain/body mass ratios
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What sets humans apart from most other animals?
``` Brain size Bipedal posture/locomotion Opposable thumbs Stereoscopic vision Vocal organ Crooked teeth ```
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Levels of organization
``` Subatomic particles and waves Atoms Inorganic compounds Organic compounds Biological macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organ System Organism ```
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Muscle Tissue
Composed of cells specialized for contraction. Cardiac muscle (heart and vessels near it), skeletal muscle (skeletal muscles of body), and smooth muscle (organs, blood vessels, and bases of hair follicles).
81
Epithelial Tissue
Covers inner and outer surfaces of the body and forms the secretory portions of glands. Membranous or Glandular. Membranous is classified into either simple or stratified squamous, columnar or cuboidal. Glandular is Endo or Exocrine glands. (Secreted into blood stream or outside of body)
82
Connective Tissue
Has lots of intracellular material. Matrix consists of fibers and amorphous glue called ground substance. CT Proper, Bone, Cartilage, Blood, and Adipose tissue.
83
Nervous Tissue
Consists of cells called neurons that are specialized for conduction of electrical impulses. Neuroglia= supporting cells. Sensory neurons= carry impulses which are interpreted by brain. Motor neurons= send impulses that control activity of much tissue and glandular epithelium.
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Caput
Head
85
Cranium
top portion of head
86
Facies
Face
87
Collum
Neck
88
Truncus
Trunk
89
Dorsum
Back
90
Thorax
Chest
91
Abdomen
stomach region
92
Pelvis
pelvic region
93
membrum superioris
arms
94
Regio deltoideus
shoulder region
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Brachium
upper arm
96
Cubitus
Elbow
97
Antibrachium
forearm
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manus
hand
99
carpus
wrist
100
Membrum inferioris
legs
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coxa`
hip
102
femur
thigh
103
genu
knee
104
crus
leg
105
sura
calf
106
pes
foot
107
tarsus
ankle
108
Splanchnology
includes study of visceral organs as well as endocrine system
109
oblique
angled
110
Anterior
Toward the front side of body
111
Posterior
Toward backside of body
112
Medial
Toward the median plane
113
Lateral
Further from median plane
114
Superior
Closer to top of head
115
Inferior
Further from top of head
116
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
117
Distal
Further from trunk
118
Superficial
Closer to surface
119
Deep
Further from surface
120
Dorsal
Posterior surface of head neck, trunk or hand or superior aspect of foot
121
Ventral
Lower aspect or underside of an organ or part
122
Palmar
where palm is located
123
Plantar
Underside of foot
124
Radial
Closer to the lateral aspect o the superior limb
125
Ulnar
Closer to the medial aspect of the superior limb
126
Tibial
Closer to the medial aspect of the inferior limb
127
Fibular
Closer to the lateral aspect of the inferior limb
128
Ipsilateral
Same side of body
129
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Anatomy
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