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Microbiologyh > Chapter Thirteen And Fifteen > Flashcards

Chapter Thirteen And Fifteen Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Viruses

A

-parasites
-contain RNA and DNA
-have a protein coat
-spikes

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2
Q

Virion

A

A matured particles
-containing all ingredients
-virus

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3
Q

What makes a virion different (4)

A

-genome
-capsid
-envelope
-spikes on envelope

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4
Q

Own genome of a virion

A

The DNA or RNA (never both)
-determines lifecycle

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5
Q

Capsid of a virion

A

Contains genome, is a protein molecule

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6
Q

Capsid of virion function

A

-identifies virus by capsomere
-transportation
-attachment of host cell

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7
Q

Capsomere

A

What makes up capsid

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8
Q

Envelope of a virus is made up of

A

-Protein
-carbohydrates
-phospholipid on more complex ones

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9
Q

Spikes on envelope of virus

A

Found on COVID/influenza
-increases virulence

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10
Q

Two types of spikes

A

HA and NA

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11
Q

HA/ Hemoagglutination spikes

A

Attach to host cell
-strain match by spike “H1N1” or “H9N1”

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12
Q

The number beside H in H1N1 stands for

A

Each spike that has mutated once

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13
Q

NA spike or Neuramin

A

After infection, populates host cell membrane
-strain detection

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14
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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15
Q

Four things the HIV virus contains

A

-RNA genome
-capsid
-envelope
-spikes

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16
Q

Spikes are made up of

A

GP (carbohydrate + protein) 41+120

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17
Q

Three facts about HIV

A

-is a retro virus
-only replicates in humans
-only kills/invalids helper T cells

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18
Q

What does it mean by retro virus

A

Going backwards then forwards

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19
Q

Transcription

A

Copying 2 dna strands into rna

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20
Q

Life cycle of HIV: initially contains

A

2 rna strands
-ssrna (single strand)

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21
Q

Life cycle of HIV: begins penetrating cell with ___ and ____

A

Spike and enzyme reverse transcriptase

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22
Q

Reverse transcriptase cannot be made in

A

Humans

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23
Q

Life cycle of HIV: spike/enzyme attaches to

A

Helper T cell
-CD4 cells

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24
Q

Life cycle of HIV: enters cell via and does what

A

Endocytosis (receptor mediated)

Mergers with CD4 cell

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25
Life cycle of HIV: how does the cell enter via endocytosis
Using spike gp 41+120
26
Life cycle of HIV: begins to ___ and releases
Uncoat, RNA + reverse transcriptase
27
Life cycle of HIV: multiplies within cytoplasm to
Synthesize own model
28
Life cycle of HIV: reverse transcription occurs via
Reverse transcriptase
29
What is reverse transcription
RNA to DNA
30
Steps of the reverse transcriptase
1. Copy rna into a single dna 2. RNA degrades, left with 1dna 3. Recoup dna to create a double strand
31
Provirus stage of HIV
Has established and integrated itself into dna -can synthesize new virgins -can become latent virus -converts cell into cancerous cell
32
Latent means the virus is
Waiting four host helalth to diminish then act
33
HIV 1
USA and Europe
34
HIV 2
West Africa
35
CDC
Center for disease control
36
How many stages of HIV
Three
37
HIV stage 1
TH = 500 cells/mm2 -50 percent or less
38
Normal TH count is
1000 to 1500 cells/mm2
39
Stage 2 HIV
Amount of CD4 is declining -TH = 499 to 200 cells/mm2 -immunodeficiency symptom
40
Immunodeficiency symptom
Swollen lymph nodes -suspeptible to (shingles, fungal/UTI, diarrhea, fever)
41
Stage 3 HIV
TH = 200 cell/mm2 -cancer stage -other infections
42
Cancer in stage 3
Kaposis sarcomma -cancer of skin and blood vessels
43
Other infections in stage 3
TB, pneumonia, eye infections
44
Simian immunodeficiency
HIV 2 came from -monkeys to us
45
HIV treatment
Several different drugs help to destroy enzyme RT -cocktail mixture
46
Two examples of HIV treatment drugs
Zidovudine (AZT) and laminuridine (3TC)
47
Why is there no vaccine development for HIV
Process of copying the dna has many mutations -its different for each person
48
What type of vaccine is being studied for HIV
MRNA vaccine -to reduce speed of HIV
49
How does HIV spread
-blood -sexual transition (semen) -breast milk
50
Lyric viral infection
Good infection -kills cell but gets rid of virus as it dies Example- cold, rhino virus
51
Persistent viral infection
Slow, mythological, deadly over long period fo time Example- brain degeneration in measles
52
Latent viral infections
Hides in cells then emerges Example- herpies 1: causes cold sores, shingles, mono
53
Cancer viral infections
Normal cells turns into cancer cell Example- burkitts lymphoma (b lymphocytes around jaw region)
54
Three main avenues for pathogens to enter
-mucous membrane of major organ systems -skin -parenteral
55
Mucous membrane of major organ systems
-respiratory tract -GI tract -GU tract -eye/conjectiva
56
Skin
Innate but still vulnerable -fungal infections
57
Parenteral
Broken skin that gives direct entery into blood -bite, catheter, needle Example- malaria
58
Adherence
Ability to attach to cells and invade tissues -forms link with host
59
Host contains
Receptors (sugar, present on cell membrane)
60
Pathogen contains
Adhesions (enable sugar to match up)
61
Adhesions are made up of
Glycoproteins or lipoproteins
62
Adhesions can be found in what four forms
-on capsule -fimbrae -flagella -cell wall
63
An example of capsule adhesions
S. Mutants
64
S.mutants and adhesions: attach…
Attach by capsule, and use enzyme glucosyltransferaze to metabolize sugar
65
S.mutants turns sugar into
Glucose and fructose, then glucose into glucose and fructose into acid
66
Glucose into glucan
Is the gummy sugar found on teeth that forms plaque
67
Plaque and acid
Acid soaks into gummy sugar and begins breaking down teeth
68
Examples of fimbrae
E.coli and n.gonorrhea
69
N.gonorrhea and fimbrae
Contains protein called opa, that is found on fimbrae
70
S. Pyogenes and attachment
Contains an M protein, that is found outside cell wall that is resistant to heat/acid and phagocytosis
71
Invasion technique
Penetrating host defences -exoenzymes (there are four)
72
Four exoenzymes that process invasion
-coagulase -kinase -hyaluronidase -collagenase
73
Coagulase
Turns fibrinogen to fibrin, creating a CLOT Example- s.aureus
74
Kinase
Breaks fimbrae clot and leaves body vulnerable to more invasion -more bacteria released to travel through body Example- s.pyogenes
75
Hyaluronidase
Fragment/breaks down tissue Example- colistridum perfringes (necrotic tissue) s.Pyogenes (flesh eating disease)
76
Collagenase
Breaks Down tissue Example- c.diff (colitis)
77
Toxaemia
Toxin in hosts blood
78
Toxoid
Inactivated toxin found in vaccines
79
Types of toxins
Exotoxin and endotoxin
80
Exotoxin definition/example
Secretes in human body to cause disease Example- tetanus (opstitholonos or C shape back spasm)
81
Exotoxin notes
-can be gram + or - -byproduct of metabolism -protein -circulates in body fluids -s/s are specific/easily recognizable -no fever in response
82
Exotoxin —> antitoxin
Antitoxin is produced by body -then neutralized -then toxoid is used to make vaccine DTaP
83
Three classes of exotoxins
-classic A+B -membrane disrupting -super antigens
84
Classic A+B
A protein—> ACTIVE (cells react and kill) B protein—> BINDS (to whole cell then drag A in)
85
Membrane disrupting exotoxins
-making protein channels (disrupt plasma mem) -phospholipid bilayer is disrupted (cellular contents flow out)
86
Super antigens exotoxins
Activate an intense immune response (cytokines) Symptoms: violent behaviour, nausea, diarrhea, shock Example- TSS, S.aureus (food poisioning)
87
Endotoxin
Always present, just needs to release -lipids -released more during lyse of bacteria cells
88
Disseminated intramuscular coagulation
Consequence of endotoxins, activation of blood clotting proteins -blood clot formation -gram negative !!! -decreased blood supply/tissue death
89
Endotoxic shock
Related to secretion of cytokine by macrophages -secrete TNF, damages capillaries, lowers bp —> shock
90
Endotoxins are apart of the
Gram negative cell wall
91
Endotoxins are produced by
Gram negative
92
Two large effects of gram negative cells
-fever/pyrogenic -shock response
93
Fever
-is a good and natural process -eventually need to break the process or could potentially end up in coma/brain reaction
94
Process of fever
Macrophage/monocyte engulf GN bacteria, lipid A is released and triggers monocyte to release INTERLEUKIN-1
95
What does interleukin-1 do?
Initiates fever by interacting with hypothalamus
96
Chills stage of fever
Abundance of IL-1 in blood -shivering
97
crisis stage
IL-1 decreasing, sweating
98
Septic shock occurs due to
Change in blood pressure -lipid A releases Cachein and travels to vital organs changing the permeability of the blood vessels there and causes shock
99
Which of the two is good for the body? Fever or shock
Fever -shock is never good
100
Cachein
Tumour necrosis factor, TNF
101
Shock symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, kidney failure, turning pale, breathing heavy
102
Lipid A comes from
Lipopolysacharides
103
Lipid A causes
Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery and eventually septic shock
104
Can you neutralize endotoxins by antibiotics
No

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