study of structure
anatomy
subdivisions of a&p
gross or macroscopic, microscopic, developmental
essential tools for the study of anatomy:
- mastery of anatomical terminology
- observation
- manipulation
- palpatation
- ausculation
study of function at many levels
physiology
subdivisions are based on organ systems
essential tools for the study of physiolgy
- ability to focus at many levels
- basic physical principles
- basic chemical principles
principle that says anatomy and physiology are inseperable
Principle of Complementarity
- function always reflects structure
- what a structure can do depends on its specific form
levels of structural organization
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organismal
- all chemical reactions that occur in body cells [catabolism and anabolism]
Metabolism
- Catabolism: breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
- Anabolism: synthesizes more complex cellular structure from simpler substances
- nutrients
- oxygen
- water
- normal body temp
- apropriate atmospheric presure
survival needs
maintenance of a relative stable inernal environment depsite continuous outside changes… A dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis
Involve _continuous_ monitoring and regulation__ of many factors (variables: Ca+2, pH, O2, CO2, water content)
Homeosatic control mechanisms
- nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
- Receptor(sensor)
- Control center
- Effector
Components of a control mechanism
response reducing or shutting off original stimulus
Negative Feedback
- when receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center hypothalamus stimulate pituatary gland to release antidiuretic hormone causing kidneys to return more water to blood
response enhances or exaggerates orginal stimulus
positive feedback
- cascade or amplifying effect
- ex. labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation and blood clotting
2 major divisions of body
- Axial: head, neck, trunk
- Appendiclar: limbs
which body cavity protectes nervous system?
Dorsal Cavity
2subdivisions:cranial(brain) and verterbal cavity(spinal)
which body cavity houses internal organs(viscera)?
Ventral Cavity
2subdivisions: thoracic ( and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
Each houses a lung
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity
Surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
Encloses heart
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
thin double layered membrane separated by serous fluid
serous membrane(serosa)
- parietal serosa lines internal body walls
- visceral serosa covers teh internal organs
other body cavities
- oral and digestive
- nasal cavity
- orbital cavities
- middle ear cavities
- synovial cavities
