Chapter4 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What lobe is crucial for memory formation?
A
Medial temporal lobe
2
Q
Which regions are included in the medial temporal lobe?
A
Hippocampus, parahippocampal
3
Q
What brain layer works with the medial temporal lobe for memory?
A
Cerebral cortex
4
Q
What are the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex?
A
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
5
Q
What does declarative memory involve?
A
Facts, data, events
6
Q
How are declarative memories recalled?
A
Consciously
7
Q
What are the two types of declarative memories?
A
Semantic and episodic
8
Q
What do semantic memories consist of?
A
Cultural knowledge, concepts
9
Q
Where are semantic memories processed?
A
Cortical regions
10
Q
What characterizes episodic memories?
A
Personal experiences
11
Q
What type of memory involves recalling sights, sounds, time, space, and emotions?
A
Episodic memory
12
Q
Who is H.M.?
A
Patient known for brain science
13
Q
What did H.M.’s case help understand?
A
Learning and memory processes
14
Q
What happened to Henry Molaison after a childhood blow to the head?
A
Severe seizures developed
15
Q
What surgical procedure did Henry Molaison undergo?
A
Removed sections of medial temporal lobes
16
Q
What was the outcome of Molaison’s surgery?
A
Seizures abated but permanent amnesia
17
Q
What type of memories could Henry Molaison still recall?
A
Scenes from childhood and historical events
18
Q
What could Henry Molaison not do after his surgery?
A
Form new conscious memories
19
Q
What was Molaison’s memory condition?
A
Anterograde amnesia
20
Q
What cognitive abilities did Molaison retain?
A
Intellect, personality, perception
21
Q
Could Molaison acquire new motor skills?
A
Yes
22
Q
What task did Molaison become proficient at?
A
Tracing patterns
23
Q
What regions of the brain were studied in Molaison?
A
Hippocampus, parahippocampal region
24
Q
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
A
Short-term to long-term
25
Which regions produce memories of facts and events?
Hippocampus, parahippocampal region, cerebral cortex
26
What handles emotional or behavioral memories?
Amygdala, striatum, cerebellum
27
What is the dentate gyrus responsible for?
Memories of events
28
What unique process occurs in the dentate gyrus of the adult brain?
Neurogenesis
29
What color are the newborn cells in the dentate gyrus image?
Blue
30
What do support cells in the dentate gyrus called?
Glia
31
What role do new cells in the dentate gyrus play?
Learning and memory
32
What is the function of the amygdala?
Modulates fight-or-flight responses
33
What does the parahippocampal region assist with?
Encoding 'what' of memories
34
What type of memory is being described?
Long-term declarative memory
35
What type of memory allows holding a phone number temporarily?
Working memory
36
What happened to H.M. regarding memory?
Could not form new memories
37
How many types of memories are there?
Long-term and short-term
38
What is the capacity of short-term memories?
Limited amount of data
39
What happens to data in working memory if not transferred?
Decay after seconds
40
Which part of the brain coordinates working memory?
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
41
What functions does the PFC control?
Attention, decision-making
42
What is particularly active in the PFC during concentration?
Keeping phone numbers in mind
43
What do animal studies suggest about PFC neurons?
Fire in spurts
44
Did H.M. lose working memory?
No
45
What type of memory is spatial memory a part of?
Declarative memory
46
What have studies shown about areas and neurons in the brain?
Process specific information
47
What are 'place cells'?
Neurons in hippocampus
48
What do place cells do?
Light up in familiar spaces
49
What happens in mice navigating a maze?
Specific neuronal activity sequences
50
What happens to patterns as animals learn the maze?
Become distinct
51
What brain structure changes due to learning complex routes?
Hippocampus
52
Where are grid cells located?
Entorhinal cortex
53
What do grid cells represent?
Coordinates in space
54
What type of memory is nondeclarative memory also known as?
Implicit or procedural
55
How is nondeclarative memory retrieved?
Without conscious effort
56
What type of memory is used for learned motor skills?
Procedural memory
57
Did H.M. lose procedural memory?
No
58
Why do we know that H.M. did not lose procedural memory?
He could learn new motor skills
59
H.M. shows deficits in which types of memory?
Some types
60
What do deficits in H.M. indicate about memory?
Different types encoded separately
61
Which brain areas are important for motor skill learning?
Basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum
62
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Habit center
63
How does the brain store memories?
Changes at synapses
64
What is synaptic plasticity?
Remodeling of synapses
65
What changes occur for long-term memory encoding?
Synapse changes, neurotransmitter, receptors
66
What do presynaptic neurons release?
Neurotransmitters
67
What do receptors on postsynaptic neurons interact with?
Neurotransmitters
68
What is transformed into a chemical signal by presynaptic neurons?
Electrical signal
69
What do neurotransmitters bind to in the postsynaptic neuron?
Receptors
70
What do receptors unleash upon binding neurotransmitters?
Molecular events
71
What do receptors release?
Neurotransmitters
72
What can neurotransmitters be recycled into?
Presynaptic terminal
73
Which animal model was important for studying synaptic plasticity?
Aplysia californica
74
Why is Aplysia californica significant in neuroscience?
Few and easy to observe nerve cells
75
What did researchers identify in Aplysia related to learning and memory?
Chemical and structural changes
76
What do alterations in gene expression affect?
Long-term synaptic changes
77
Which receptors are important for long-term memory?
NMDA receptors
78
What molecule is crucial for long-term memory formation?
CREB
79
What are the two key processes for synaptic plasticity?
LTP and LTD
80
What does LTP stand for?
Long-term potentiation
81
What effect does LTP have on synaptic strength?
Increases strength
82
In which brain region is LTP especially prominent?
Hippocampus
83
What does LTD stand for?
Long-term depression
84
What effect does LTD have on synapse effectiveness?
Decreases effectiveness
85
What is LTP essential for?
Memory consolidation
86
What has LTP been extensively studied in?
Hippocampus
87
What is the role of glutamate in LTP?
Increase receptors
88
What is glutamate?
Prevalent neurotransmitter
89
What do NMDA and AMPA receptors do?
Permit ion flow into cell
90
What ions do NMDA and AMPA receptors allow in?
Calcium and sodium
91
How does increasing receptor number affect synapses?
Strengthens synapse
92
What role do calcium ions play in cells?
Second messengers
93
What does LTP boost in the postsynaptic cell?
Calcium ions concentration
94
What type of enzymes are activated by calcium in LTP?
Kinase proteins
95
What type of enzymes are activated by calcium in LTD?
Phosphatases
96
What is stabilized during LTP?
Synaptic changes
97
What molecules are activated by increased calcium ions in LTP?
cAMP
98
What activates several kinds of enzymes in neurons?
Repetitive experience
99
What does CREB activate in the nucleus of the neuron?
Genes for protein synthesis
100
What do neurotrophins stimulate?
Growth of the synapse
101
Where are declarative memories encoded?
Hippocampus
102
Which part of the brain is responsible for long-term storage of memories?
Frontal lobes
103
What happens to the role of the hippocampus over time?
Less important for older memories
104
What may enable manipulation of synaptic plasticity?
Pharmaceutical and technological advances
105
What disorders could new treatments target?
Synapse-related neurological disorders
106
What harmful memories can treatments aim to eradicate?
Memories tied to PTSD
107
What is the capacity of the brain for long-term memories?
Unlimited
108
What is the limitation of short-term memories?
Limited data for limited time
109
What is emotional memory?
Nondeclarative memory with learned responses
110
Who identified the six basic emotions?
Paul Ekman
111
What are the six basic emotions?
Anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, sadness
112
What is linked to physiological responses in emotions?
Neural circuits
113
What brain structures are linked with emotions?
Amygdala, insula, PAG
114
Where is the periaqueductal gray located?
Midbrain
115
Which neurons project to the periaqueductal gray?
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, insular cortex
116
What does the periaqueductal gray connect to?
Central amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, spinal cord
117
What does the amygdala integrate?
Emotions, behavior, motivation
118
What type of conditioning is dependent on the amygdala?
Classical conditioning
119
What does the amygdala help interpret?
Fear
120
What does the amygdala distinguish?
Friends from foes
121
What does the amygdala identify?
Social rewards
122
What emotion does the insula primarily process?
Disgust
123
What is a protective reaction associated with the insula?
Avoiding poison
124
What additional function is the insula implicated in?
Feeling pain
125
What is the role of the periaqueductal gray?
Pain perception and stress responses
126
What types of behaviors are associated with the periaqueductal gray?
Defensive, reproductive, anxiety
127
Which pain-reducing compounds' receptors are in the periaqueductal gray?
Morphine and oxycodone
128
What drives human actions?
Necessities and rewards
129
What is affective decision-making?
Choices under risk
130
What do researchers investigate in decision-making?
Reward and risk balance
131
How does emotional state affect decision-making?
Affects balance
132
What brain region is responsible for self-regulation?
Lateral prefrontal cortex
133
Why might teens be more tolerant of risky behaviors?
Developing brains and peer acceptance sensitivity
134
How does brain development relate to emotional decision-making changes with age?
Lateral prefrontal cortex matures gradually in adolescents
135
What happens to PFC function with age?
Diminishes
136
What neurotransmitter is linked to reward pathways?
Dopamine
137
What brain regions are influenced by dopamine in reward processing?
Hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex
138
What is the me-solimbic pathway known as?
Reward pathway
139
What is the major neurotransmitter in the me-solimbic pathway?
Dopamine
140
Where does the me-solimbic pathway connect?
VTA to nucleus accumbens
141
What processes are involved in the me-solimbic pathway?
Rewards and motivation
142
What activates neurons that release dopamine?
Signals of reward
143
What influences emotional reaction more, expectation or reward?
Expectation of reward
144
What happens when the actual reward differs from prediction?
Reward learning occurs
145
What increases when a reward is greater than anticipated?
Dopamine signaling increases
146
What happens if a reward is less than expected?
Dopamine signaling decreases
147
What occurs with a correctly predicted reward?
No changes in dopamine
148
What did recent research show about dopaminergic responses?
Vary among people
149
What brain areas impact motivation and reward?
Striatum and prefrontal cortex
150
What is the amygdala implicated in?
Reward learning and motivation
151
Who has greater dopamine signaling according to researchers?
Go-getters
152
What does the brain's reward system reinforce?
Behaviors associated with rewards
153
What symptom can aberrant circuitry lead to?
Inappropriate aggression
154
What is the function of the lateral habenula?
Encode punishment
155
What neurotransmitter is inhibited by the lateral habenula?
Dopamine
156
What type of disorders is linked to dysfunction of the lateral habenula?
Neuopsychiatric disorders
157
What emotions is the amygdala associated with?
Negative emotions
158
What can stimulating the amygdala trigger?
Rage and aggression
159
What happens when specific sections of the amygdala are removed?
More docile behavior
160
What can inappropriate activation in the brain's reward systems lead to?
Aggression
161
Which brain chemical is associated with love?
Oxytocin
162
What type of animals do researchers study to understand love?
Prairie voles
163
What was the effect of increased oxytocin receptor levels in the brain?
Faster partner preferences
