Chapter5 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What does the brain rely on for moment-to-moment perceptions?
A
Complex network of associations
2
Q
What type of memory does the brain use to store simple representations?
A
Short-term memory
3
Q
What is the purpose of the brain building representations?
A
References for perceptions
4
Q
What is semantic memory?
A
Declarative knowledge
5
Q
What does semantic memory include?
A
General facts and data
6
Q
What are scientists studying related to semantic memory?
A
Cortical areas organization
7
Q
What do functional brain imaging studies reveal?
A
Regions process different information
8
Q
What is shown by recordings of electrical activity in brain cells?
A
Specific cells fire for specific images
9
Q
How did he struggle with sight?
A
Identifying the sink
10
Q
What did he easily identify with eyes closed?
A
Objects by touch
11
Q
What could he name by sound?
A
Rooster’s sound
12
Q
What damage affected D.B.O.’s ability to name objects?
A
Temporal lobes
13
Q
What type of stimuli could D.B.O. still name?
A
Tangible objects
14
Q
What process is blocked due to D.B.O.’s strokes?
A
Semantic processing
15
Q
What is agnosia?
A
Condition with several forms
16
Q
What is the fusiform face area (FFA) critical for?
A
Recognizing faces
17
Q
What results from bilateral damage to the FFA?
A
Prosopagnosia
18
Q
What does the parahippocampal place area respond to?
A
Specific locations
19
Q
What areas are activated by viewing certain inanimate objects?
A
Certain brain areas
20
Q
What cognitive process is used to build up complex skills in the brain?
A
Integrating information
21
Q
Which brain regions encode words?
A
Posterior parietal cortex, temporal lobe, PFC
22
Q
What is the semantic system?
A
Areas responding to words
23
Q
How does the semantic system respond to sounds?
A
More to words than sounds
24
Q
What might explain humans’ unique language ability?
A
Differences in semantic system
25
What do separate areas of the semantic system encode?
Concrete/abstract concepts
26
What activates same brain areas?
Related words
27
Word example activating same areas?
"Month" and "week"
28
What technique measures brain activity?
fMRI
29
Which hemisphere shows more activation to words?
Left hemisphere
30
Who was the physician that studied Patient Tan?
Pierre Paul Broca
31
What could Patient Tan comprehend?
Others' speech
32
What area of the brain had a lesion after autopsy?
Frontal lobe
33
What area of the brain is vital for speech production?
Broca's area
34
What is Broca's aphasia also called?
Non-fluent aphasia
35
Is comprehension intact in Broca's aphasia?
Mostly intact
36
What type of aphasia is associated with damage to the left frontal lobe?
Non-fluent aphasia
37
What is a characteristic of speech in non-fluent aphasia?
Slow and halting
38
Do non-fluent aphasics comprehend spoken language?
Yes
39
Who wrote about a patient S.A. with lost ability to understand speech?
Carl Wernicke
40
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
Fluent aphasia
41
Where was S.A. damaged?
Left temporal lobe
42
What was S.A.'s ability to produce speech?
Could speak fluently
43
What was S.A.'s difficulty?
Comprehending speech
44
What happens to patients with superior temporal lobe damage?
Cannot comprehend heard speech
45
Can patients with this disorder hear sounds?
Yes, they can hear sounds
46
What do patients understand despite impairment?
Written language
47
Which lobes are involved in recognizing speech sounds?
Both left and right temporal lobes
48
Which hemisphere is crucial for complex speech?
Left hemisphere
49
What regions are critical for accessing words and speech sounds?
Frontal lobe, temporal lobe
50
Which additional brain functions are involved in reading and writing?
Vision and movement
51
What centers are involved in reading and writing?
Speech comprehension and production centers
52
What is required from visual areas in reading?
Analyze shapes of letters and words
53
What do motor areas control in writing?
Control the hand
54
What is the significance of the FOXP2 gene?
Language processing
55
What does the FOXP2 gene do?
Switches genes on and off
56
What are the effects of mutations in FOXP2?
Speech difficulties
57
What accompanies the disability mentioned?
Difficulty with spoken and written language
58
What have studies of birds provided insights into?
Human speech
59
How do baby birds learn their songs?
Imitating a vocal model
60
What do birds depend on for song-learning?
Auditory feedback
61
What can FOXP2 mutations disrupt in young birds?
Song development
62
What part of the brain is affected by FOXP2 mutations?
Dorsal striatum
63
What do specialized neurons in the dorsal striatum express?
High FOXP2 levels
64
What do FOXP2 mutations result in?
Speech deficits
65
How might FOXP2 influence language development?
Changes in nucleotide sequence
66
What brain structures are involved in language?
Middle and inferior temporal lobe
67
What area is investigated for sentence comprehension?
Anterior temporal lobe
68
Where is the sensory-motor circuit for speech located?
Left posterior temporal lobe
69
What does the sensory-motor circuit help with?
Communication between speech systems
70
What is supported by the speech circuit?
Verbal short-term memory
71
What is the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?
Complex brain processes
72
When does the PFC reach full maturity?
Adulthood
73
What does the processing in the PFC define?
Executive function
74
What does the PFC supervise?
Brain functions
75
What functions does the PFC support?
Executive functions
76
What types of information do posterior cortical areas encode?
Visual, sounds, words
77
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Speech production
78
What is Wernicke's area responsible for?
Understanding speech
79
What does PFC stand for?
Prefrontal Cortex
80
What is the equivalent of working memory in animals?
PFC neuron activity
81
What are the three core skills of executive function?
Inhibition, working memory, shifting
82
What is inhibition?
Suppressing inappropriate behavior
83
What demonstrates early signs of inhibition in toddlers?
Delaying eating a treat
84
What task shows complex inhibition skills in preschool children?
Lucia's hand game
85
How do three-year-olds perform in inhibition tests?
Very hard
86
How do four-year-olds perform in inhibition tests?
Significantly better
87
What ability improves with age?
Inhibition skill
88
What task relies on working memory?
Hand game
89
What is working memory?
Hold a rule in mind
90
What is working memory dependent on?
PFC and parietal lobe
91
What does working memory allow you to do?
Maintain/manipulate info
92
What happens if there is a distraction or time lag?
Likely to forget
93
What is the duration of working memory?
Active rehearsal needed
94
What is a key component of executive function?
Shifting or mental flexibility
95
What task demonstrates shifting?
Card sorting task
96
What region is implicated in executive functioning?
PFC
97
What happens to activity level of executive function with maturation?
Decreases
98
What are the fundamental skills of executive function?
Inhibition, working memory, shifting
99
What do the fundamental skills provide a basis for?
Other skills
100
What is decision-making?
Weigh values, understand rules
101
When do you use logical reasoning in decision-making?
Comparing timetables
102
What is affected by emotional consequences in decision-making?
Desire to be accepted
103
Which part of the brain is involved in decision-making?
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
104
What area of the PFC helps override emotional responses?
Lateral PFC
105
Which brain regions are connected to the lateral PFC?
Amygdala, nucleus accumbens
106
What part of the brain is active when declining a small immediate reward for a larger future reward?
Lateral PFC
107
At what age does the lateral PFC usually mature?
Late 20s
108
Why do teens struggle with emotional regulation and impulse control?
Lateral PFC not mature
109
What is the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex?
Affective decision-making
110
What behaviors is the orbitofrontal cortex implicated in?
Addiction, social behavior
111
What is a key trait of humans related to social interaction?
Highly social creatures
112
What does social neuroscience study?
Neural functions in behavior
113
What is 'mentalizing'?
Understanding thoughts
114
Which areas of the brain are involved in mentalizing?
Medial and lateral PFC
115
What are key components of understanding mental states?
Empathy, theory of mind
116
What has recent research focused on?
Social and emotional abilities
117
How do we understand the mental states of others?
Observing actions
118
What does understanding others require?
Recognizing movements and expressions
119
What technique do scientists use to study brain activity?
fMRI
120
Which cortex regions help in self and others' judgments?
Medial prefrontal cortex
121
What is the role of the TPJ?
Focus on others
122
Where is the TPJ located?
Border of temporal and parietal lobes
123
What is the TPJ activated by?
Conflicting actions
124
What role do mirror neurons play?
Social cognition
125
What did scientists discover in the 1990s?
Mirror neurons in macaques
126
When do mirror neurons fire?
Upon action performance and observation
127
What do mirror neurons underlie?
Understanding actions
128
What was questioned about mirror neurons?
Role in social cognition
129
What do some scientists argue about mirror neurons?
Little direct evidence
