Chapter7

Question 1

the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations

Answer 1

Internalization

Question 2

the rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

Answer 2

Sanctions

Question 3

an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

Answer 3

Positive sanction

Question 4

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

Answer 4

Negative sanction

Question 5

a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as a school, business, or government

Answer 5

Formal sanction

Question 6

a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group

Answer 6

Informal sanction

Question 7

sharp criticism or expression of disapproval

Answer 7

Rebuke

Question 8

enforcing of norms through either internal or external means

Answer 8

Social control

Question 9

a behavior that violates significant social norms

Answer 9

Deviance

Question 10

a mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant individual apart from the rest of society

Answer 10

Stigma

Question 11

a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society

Answer 11

Strain theory

Question 12

the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable

Answer 12

Anomie

Question 13

Belief systems

Answer 13

Ideologies

Question 14

a theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social ties among individuals

Answer 14

Control theory

Question 15

a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others

Answer 15

Cultural transmission theory

Question 16

a concept that refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals

Answer 16

Differential association

Question 17

a theory of deviant behavior that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant

Answer 17

Labeling theory

Question 18

the occasional violation of norms; the individuals who commit it do not see themselves as deviant and neither does society

Answer 18

Primary deviance

Question 19

a lifestyle of deviance; results in the individuals who commit it being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true

Answer 19

Secondary deviance

Question 20

any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law

Answer 20

Crime

Question 21

a crime that is committed by people of high social status in the course of their professional lives

Answer 21

White-collar crime

Question 22

a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence

Answer 22

Crime syndicate

Question 23

Legal term for offenses involving immorality, such as prostitution and gambling

Answer 23

Vice

Question 24

the system of police, courts, and corrections that has jurisdiction once a crime has been committed

Answer 24

Criminal-justice system

Question 25

the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested

Answer 25

Police discretion

Question 26

a practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans

Answer 26

Racial profiling

Question 27

the process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence

Answer 27

Plea bargaining

Question 28

sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service used to punish criminals

Answer 28

Corrections

Question 29

repeated criminal behavior

Answer 29

Recidivism