Chapters 21-24 Flashcards by Aliyah Bennett

What dental drugs can affect pregnant patients?

Local anesthetics
Epinephrine
Analgesics
Antiinfective
Antianxiety

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Trimester?
➢ Dental prophylaxis
➢ Detailed home care and patient education
➢ Visual examination without x-rays

First trimester

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Trimester?
➢ Detailed home care and patient education
➢ Another dental prophylaxis, if needed

Second trimester

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Trimester?
➢ Patient may be uncomfortable lying back too long
➢ Avoid drugs that may affect the newborn

Third trimester

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What are the three drug sections for pregnancy?

Pregnancy
Lactation
Females & Males reproductive potential

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What are the signs of fetal alcohol syndrome? (Must have 3)

 Stunted growth development
 Central nervous system abnormalities
 Facial dysmorphology
 Tremors
 Hypertonia
 Restlessness
 Crying
 Abnormal reflexes

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using the drug in the
wrong dose or for a longer period than prescribed

drug misuse

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Self-administration of a drug in a socially unacceptable manner, resulting in negative consequences

drug abuse

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Dancing, shaking pupils

Nystagmus

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Constricted pupils

Miosis

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Big, dilated pupils

Mydriasis

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What scheduled drugs are the most abused with no medical value?

Schedule I drugs

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What is the most abused schedule III drug in dentistry?

Codeine

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What are the most frequent anti-anxiety agents?

Benzodiazepines

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What is the most prescribed benzodiazepine?

Diazepam, valium

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What category of drugs moistens you?
Ex. salivates

Cholinergic agents

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What drug agents dry you up?

Anticholinergic

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A state, which may be physical, psychological, or both, that occurs as a consequence of the interaction between a drug and a patient

Drug dependence

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The state in which, after withdrawal of the drug,
manifestations of emotional abnormalities and drug-seeking behavior occur

Psychological dependence

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Increasing drug concentration from not feeling the effects

Physical dependence

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The behavior of family or friends that associate with the addict that results in continued drug abuse

Enabling

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The constellation of symptoms that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug

Withdrawal

A state of being free of drugs, which is the goal of any treatment program

Abstinence syndrome

the need to increase the dose continually to achieve the desired effect or the giving of the same dose, which produces a diminishing effect

Tolerance

definite decrease in the response of brain tissue to constantly increasing amounts of the drug

Central tolerance

A combination of physical or psychological manifestations occurring in a drug-dependent person when the drug is removed

Dependence

Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug, short of addiction

Habituation

The pattern of abuse that includes compulsive use despite complications and frequent relapses after “quitting”

Addiction

 Rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract  Oxidized in the liver  Metabolism follows zero-order kinetics

Ethyl alcohol

body can metabolize certain percentage at a certain set of time

Zero-order kinetics

What follow the zero-order kinetics?

phenytoin ethyl alcohol aspirin

What are the treatments of alcoholism?

AA disulfiram (Antabuse) naltrexone (ReVia) benzodiazepines

6-8 hours after drinking stops ➢ Psychomotor agitation ➢ Autonomic nervous system hyperactivity

Stage 1 withdrawal

2-3 days after cessation ➢ Hallucinations, paranoid behavior, amnesia

Stage 2 withdrawal

3-5 days after cessation ➢ Disorientation, delusions, grand mal seizures

Stage 3 withdrawal

-incomplete general anesthetic readily available in many dental offices  Abused primarily by dentists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants  Food service workers  Does not provide pain relief

Nitrous oxide

What are these signs of?  Tingling or warmth around the face  Auditory illusions  Slurred speech  Stumbling gait

Nitrous oxide abuse

What opioid is used to get people off of a more addictive drug?

Methadone

What are the managements of acute overdose and withdrawal?

naloxone methadone benzodiazepine

Roofies, knock out drugs

sedative-hypnotics

What are the CNS stimulants?

Cocaine Amphetamines Caffeine Nicotine

the process by which one or more active ingredients of an herb are identified and all batches of the herbs produced by a single manufacturer contain the same amount of active ingredient specified on the label

Standardization

What are some oral adverse effects of herbal supplements?

Dysguesia Gingival hyperplasia Intraoral hemorrhage Necrosis

What can increase the risk for bleeding when taken in conjunction with antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants?

Garlic Ginkgo Biloba Feverfew

What contains ephedrine and can increase heart rate when given with sympathomimetic drugs?

Ma huang

What can increase or decrease the effects of local/general anesthetics and BC pills?

St. John's wort

What are the herbal supplements used in oral heath care?

Essential oils in mouthrinse Acemannan Oil of cloves Triclosan Xylitol

What herbal supplements are in essential oil mouthrinses?

Thymol Eucalyptol Menthol

-Extract of the aloe vera plant leaf -Immunomodulating properties -Available as an over-the-counter topical patch -Used to reduce the healing time of aphthous ulcerations

Acemannan Hydrogel

-Eugenol -No published clinical trials that confirm its efficacy

Oil of cloves

-A naturally occurring sweetener derived from plants that can be extracted from birch bark, raspberries, plums, and corn fiber -Cannot be metabolized by Streptococcus mutans to form acids -Antibacterial effects inhibit the ability of microbes to adhere and grow in plaque

Xylitol

Member of the chrysanthemum family of plants

Stevia

What is about 200 times sweeter than table sugar?

Rebaudioside (Reb-A)