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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of drugs and their
interactions with living cells and systems

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

The study of harmful effect of
drugs on living tissues

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

synthetically derived compounds,
vitamins, minerals, herbs, prescription, OTC, legal, and illegal

A

Drugs

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4
Q

Drug, medicine

A

Pharmaco

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5
Q

Determined by the chemical structure of the compound

A

Chemical name

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6
Q

What drug name is lower case?

A

Generic name

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7
Q

What drug name is upper case?

A

Trade name

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8
Q

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act - Year?

A

1984

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9
Q

The FDA requires the active ingredient of the generic product to enter the bloodstream at the same rate as of the trade name product - Fact

A
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10
Q

Two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and
physical standards established by regulatory agencies

A

Chemically equivalent

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11
Q

Two formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in blood and tissues

A

Biologically equivalent

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12
Q

Two formulations of a drug have an equal therapeutic effect

A

Therapeutically equivalent

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13
Q

What scheduled drugs require a prescription?

A

II-IV/V

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14
Q

What schedule drugs must be written in pen with signatures and NO refills, require new written?

A

Schedule II

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15
Q

drugs may not be refilled more than five times in 6-month period; can be called in

A

Schedule III-IV

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16
Q

To draw attention to safety
concerns associated with the drug

A

Black box warning

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17
Q

What indicates that the FDA has approved the drug for specific use?

A

Labels

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18
Q

What use is use outside the stated FDA indications?

A

Off-label

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19
Q

Drugs developed to treat rare medical conditions

A

Orphan drugs

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20
Q

Where the drug dose is increasing sharply

A

Therapeutic range

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21
Q

Maximum response a drug can exhibit

A

Maximum response

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22
Q

Pharmacological activity of a drug, related to dose; amount of drug necessary to produce an effect

A

Potency

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23
Q

When is a drugs potency greater?

A

When the dose is smaller

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24
Q

Maximum response of a drug, regardless of the dose

A

Efficacy

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25
Administering more of a drug will not increase the efficacy of the drug - Fact
26
Ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose
Therapeutic index
27
dose that causes death in 50% of test animals
Lethal dose
28
dose required to produce the desired clinical effect in 50% of test animals
Effective dose
29
How do you know the safer drug?
Greater the therapeutic index
30
-drugs do not impact a new function of the organism -Produce same action as endogenous agent -Block action of endogenous agent
Pharmacologic effect
31
-Desired effect of a drug - predictable -Must bind with the receptor site on the cell membrane
Therapeutic effect
32
-Unwanted effects of a drug -Actions on nontarget organs – vomiting with antibiotics
Adverse effect
33
 Has affinity for a receptor  Combines with the receptor  Produces an effect
Agonist
34
Counteracts the action of the agonist
Antagonist
35
Drugs with stronger affinity will bind to more what?
Receptor
36
Drugs with what affinity are more potent?
Stronger affinity
37
the study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body
Pharmacokinetics
38
Transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the blood stream
Drug absorption
39
What is the most rapid form of drug injection?
An IV
40
When is a drug irretrievable in the body?
When taken by an IV
41
-The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids -Process by which a drug leaves the blood stream and enters the body systems
Drug distribution
42
the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted
Drug metabolism
43
What is also known as drug metabolism?
Biotransformation
44
What is the most important site for metabolism?
Liver
45
What are the 3 ways a drug can be metabolized?
-Active to inactive -Inactive to active -Active to active
46
 Impaired liver function  Hepatic portal circulation  Drugs and environmental substances
Factors that affect drug metabolism
47
 The removal of the drug from the body  Drug elimination terminates drug effects
Drug excretion
48
What organs are used for drug excretion?
Kidneys lungs saliva bile GI tract sweat milk
49
The time it takes for the concentration of a drug to fall to one-half of its original blood level
Drug half-life
50
How many half-lives does it take for a drug to be considered eliminated from the body?
4-5
51
Time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect
Onset affects
52
placed directly in the GI tract
Enternal
53
bypass the GI tract
Parenteral
54
drug metabolized when first passes through the liver
First-pass effect
55
Most rapid response, irretrievable
Intravenous route of drugs
56
Injected into epidermis - surface level
Intradermal
57
Allows increased tolerance to irritating drugs
Intramuscular route
58
Injected into spinal space
Intrathecal
59
Injected into body cavity
Intraperitoneal
60
Most effective in non-keratinized areas
Topical route
61
Extension of the pharmacological effect; dose related; exaggerated response on target tissues
Toxic reaction
62
Not part of the desired therapeutic action; dose related; drug acts on non-target tissues to produce undesirable effects
Side effect
63
Hypersensitivity response to a drug to which the patient was previously exposed; NOT dose related or predictable
Drug allergy
64
Anaphylactic shock within minutes
Type 1 drug allergy
65
Swelling in the throat
Laryngeal edema
66
Drug reaction occurs within hours to days later
Type II cytotoxic drug reaction
67
Drug reaction 2-3 weeks later
Type III
68
What type of drug reaction is a serum sickness?
Type III
69
Reaction delayed, 2-3 days later
Type IV
70
What drug reaction is {"bad blood"?
Type II
71
A reaction that is neither the drug’s side effect nor an allergic reaction; genetically related
Idiosyncratic reaction
72
Clumps of antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the vascular endothelium
Type III reaction
73
Reactions are mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages; antibodies not responsible
Type IV reaction
74
A drug’s effect on the body’s defense mechanisms can result in an adverse reaction
Interference with natural defense mechanisms
75
Long term use of corticosteroids can lead to decreased what?
resistance to infection
76
Agents that cause congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities if introduced during gestation
Teratogenic
77
What are the safest drugs to use during pregnancy?
Penicillin Erythromycin Acetaminophen Lidocaine
78
The effect of one drug is altered by another drug
Drug interactions
79
Reaction from local tissue irritation
Local effect
80
How do you know a drug is safe on the therapeutic index?
Number further away from 0

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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