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Pharmacology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the noninfectious respiratory diseases?

A

Asthma
COPD

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2
Q

 Reversible airway obstruction
 Associated with reduction in expiratory airflow

A

Asthma

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3
Q

What is COPD broken into?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

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4
Q

Irreversible airway obstruction

A

COPD

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5
Q

Result of chronic inflammation of the airways and excessive sputum production

A

Chronic bronchitis

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6
Q

Characterized by alveolar destruction with airspace enlargement and airway collapse

A

Emphysema

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7
Q

What is associated with almost all cases of COPD?

A

Smoking

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8
Q

 Medication delivered directly into bronchioles
 Bronchodilator effect is greater than comparable oral dose
 Inhaled dose can be accurately measured
 Rapid and predictable onset of action
 Compact, portable, and sterile

A

Metered-Dose inhalers MDIs

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9
Q

Inhaled long-acting β2-agonists

A

salmeterol

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10
Q

most effective long term treatment option in all mild, moderate, severe asthma patients

A

Inhaled corticosterioids

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11
Q

What are the inhaled corticosterioids?

A

 Fluticasone
 Triamcinolone

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12
Q

What is the oral corticosterioid?

A

Prednisone

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13
Q

What’s the side effect that can come from inhalation treatments of COPD and asthma?

A

Candidiasis

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14
Q

What agents are the nasal decongestants used to manage upper respiratory tract infections?

A

 Pseudoephedrine
 Phenylephrine

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15
Q

-Gives immediate response
-When used for normal breathing function – must be accompanied by a steroid

A

albuterol

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16
Q

Promote removal of exudate or mucus from respiratory passages (coughing)

A

Expectorants

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17
Q

Decrease the viscosity of mucus

A

Liquefying expectorants

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18
Q

Destroy or dissolve mucus

A

Mucolytics

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19
Q

Codeine-containing cough preparations (don’t cough)

A

Antitussives

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20
Q

What is the antitussive used to manage upper respiratory tract infections?

A

Dextromethorphan

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21
Q

Inflammation of nasal airways

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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22
Q

What are used to treat mild allergic reactions in the dental office?

A

Antihistamines

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23
Q

What is the first generation Antihistamine?

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

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24
Q

What are the second generation antihistamines?

A

 cetirizine (Zyrtec)
 desloratadine (Clarinex)
 fexofenadine (Allegra)
 loratadine (Claritin)

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25
 Very effective for moderate to severe allergic rhinitis  Decrease inflammation in airways  Control symptoms of running nose, itching, sneezing, congestion
Intranasal corticosterioids
26
What are the Intranasal Corticosteroids?
Nasonex, Flonase (fluticasone)
27
 Approved for treatment of seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis  Less effective than H1-antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids  Psychiatric symptoms - suicidal thoughts  Sleep disturbances
Leukotriene Modifiers: montelukast (Singulair)
28
Should not be used for more than 3-5 consecutive days to avoid rebound congestion
Intranasal Decongestants
29
allows your body to use sugar from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use
Insulin
30
pancreas releases when glucose in the blood falls too low
Glucagon
31
What maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms?
Insulin Glucagon
32
 Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells  Complete lack of insulin secretion  Increased glucagon secretion  Rapid onset of disease  Ketoacidosis  Severe symptoms -Younger than 30
Type I diabetes
33
What are the 3 poly's to diabetes?
Polyphagia (hunger) Polydipsia (thirst) Polyuria (urination)
34
 Obesity  Pancreas secretes enough insulin to prevent ketoacidosis  Does not secrete enough insulin to normalize plasma glucose  Insulin resistance develops -Older than 40
Type II diabetes
35
What are symptoms of type I diabetes?
3 P's Weight loss Tiredness Blurred vision Fruity breath
36
What are type II diabetes symptoms?
3 P's Overweight Lifestyle Wounds won't heal
37
- Maintain hemoglobin A1c levels as close to normal as possible (<6) - Blood glucose levels less than 100
Goal of diabetes therapy
38
What is the only treatment for type I diabetes?
Insulin
39
What is the most common adverse reaction with insulin?
Hypoglycemia
40
What is the oldest antidiabetic agent?
sulfonylureas (hypoglycemic)
41
What will the second generation antidiabetic agents be?
More potent, less toxic
42
What may decrease insulin release or increase insulin requirements in an uncontrolled type II diabetic?
 Epinephrine  Glucocorticoids  Opioid analgesics
43
Inhaled short-acting β2-agonists
albuterol
44
Produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation
Histamine
45
What generation of antihistamines have more dramatic effects, xerostomia, and drowsiness?
First generation
46
What are the treatments of hypoglycemia in conscious patients?
Fruit juice Cake icing Glucose gel Soluble carbohydrate
47
What are the treatments of hypoglycemia in unconscious patients?
Intravenous dextrose
48
What do endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones
49
 Regulatory effect  Secretes peptide and pituitary hormones  Necessary for function of many systems
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
50
 Gland secretes two iodine-containing hormones  Act on every tissue and organ system  Important for energy metabolism, growth, and development
Thyroid hormones
51
What is given for deficiencies?
External synthetic hormones
52
What does normal function of the thyroid gland require?
50-125mg/day of iodine
53
What's the drug treatment of hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid)
54
What is the autoimmune disorder for hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s disease
55
Diffuse toxic goiter
Graves' disease
56
Toxic nodular goiter
Plummer's disease
57
excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone
thyrotoxicosis
58
What is the most common treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Radioactive iodine Thyroidectomy
59
What drug do patients with hypo/hyper thyroidism end up on?
Synthroid
60
Largely responsible for changes during puberty
Estrogens
61
What are the estrogen drugs used for menopause?
Premarin Estrace
62
Prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
Progestins
63
What reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives?
Antibiotics
64
What is the androgen male sex hormones?
Testosterone
65
What are male sex hormone drugs considered?
Schedule III
66
What medications can treat infertility?
 clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)  leuprolide (Lupron)
67
What medication can be used with breast cancer?
tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
68
What medication removes estrogen from the system?
danazol (Danocrine)
69
What medication is used to treat an enlarged prostate?
tamsulosin (Flomax)
70
-Designed to treat malignancies -Treatment of diseases with an inflammatory component
Antineoplastics
71
What is used to treat: -Psoriasis -Rheumatoid Arthritis -Systemic lupus erythematosus
Antineoplastics
72
What is de novo resistance?
Always had cell resistance
73
What classification are the following: Fosamax Boniva Actonel
Aminobisphosphonates
74
What are used to prevent osteoparosis?
Aminobisphosphonates (Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel)
75
What classification is methotrexate?
Antimetabolities
76
What classification is tamoxifen?
Antiestrogen (breast cancer)
77
Tissue that turns over rapidly
Bone marrow suppression
78
What conditions can occur with a lack of white blood cells?
Leukopenia agranulocytosis
79
What is osteonecrosis a side effect for?
IV use of bisphosphonates
80
What is the half-life of bisphosphonates?
1-10 years
81
What is hepatotoxicity caused from?
Taking methotrexate
82
What is the number one oral side effect from taking antineoplastic agents?
Mucositis
83
Treatment of hypothyroidism and goiter
levothyroxine (Synthroid)
84
What are two medication treatments of type II diabetes?
metformin glipizide
85
What is used in birth control pills in combination with progestins?
Estinyl
86
What medication is used for head and neck cancer?
methotrexate

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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