Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the types of GI diseases?
A
GERD
Ulcers
2
Q
What is GERD?
A
Gastroesophogeal reflux disease
“Hearburn”
3
Q
What are symptoms of GERD?
A
Burping
Cramps
Flatulence
Fullness
Barrett’s Esophagus
4
Q
Where do ulcers occur?
A
Stomach or small intestine
5
Q
What cause ulcers?
A
Helicobacter pylori bacteria
Over use of NSAIDS
6
Q
How do you treat GI disease?
A
Lifestyle changes
Decrease/eliminate acid in stomach
Constrict cardiac sphincter
Acute relief of symptoms
7
Q
What are used to decrease/eliminate the acid in stomach?
A
Histamine blockers
Proton pump inhibitors
8
Q
What are the most common histamine blockers?
A
cimetidine (Tagamet)
famotidine (Pepcid)
ranitidine (Zantac)
nizatidine (Axid)
9
Q
Inhibitors of gastric acid production and heal the esophagus
A
Proton pump inhibitors
10
Q
What are the most common PPI’s?
A
omeprazole (Prilosec)
lansoprazole (Prevacid)
esomeprazole (Nexium)
pantoprazole (Protonix) Rx
11
Q
What is PUD?
A
Peptic ulcer disease
12
Q
What are the anti-infectives used?
A
tetracycline
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
amoxicillin
13
Q
Partially neutralize hydrochloric acid in stomach – quick relief
A
Antacids
14
Q
What are common antacids?
A
Maalox
Mylanta
Rolaids
Tums
Gaviscon
15
Q
What increase GI motility?
A
Laxatives
16
Q
What are the bulk laxatives?
A
Metamucil
Citrucel
17
Q
What are the stimulant laxatives?
A
Milk of Magnesia
Castor oil
18
Q
What is the stool softener?
A
Colace
19
Q
What is the lubricant laxative?
A
Mineral oil
20
Q
Minimize fluid and electrolyte imbalance
A
Antidiarrheals
21
Q
What are the most common antidiarrheals?
A
Kaopectate
Lomotil
Imodium
22
Q
What drugs control severe nausea?
A
prochlorperazine (Compazine)
promethazine (Phenergan)
23
Q
What drug controls nausea and vomiting?
A
Zofran
24
Q
What drug controls nausea and motion sickness?
A
Dramamine
25
What GI disease involves the mucosa?
Ulcerative Colitis
26
What GI disease extends through all layers?
Crohn's Disease
27
What agents are used to treat chronic inflammatory bowel disease IBD?
Antiinflammatory's
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressant's
28
Autoimmune disorder in which gluten in wheat damages the microvilli in the small intestines
Celiac disease
29
A group of disorders involving a chronic stereotyped recurrent attack of involuntary behavior or experience or changes in
neurologic function
Epilepsy
30
What are the names for generalized seizures?
Tonic-clonic
Absense
31
➢ Loss of
consciousness
➢ Major movement of
large muscle groups
➢ Aura
➢ Slow recovery
Tonic-clonic seizure
32
➢ Loss of
consciousness
➢ Little movement
➢ No aura
➢ Quick recovery
Absense seizure
33
What are the names for partial seizures?
Simple
Complex
34
Action only on part of the brain
Location determines clinical manifestations
Sometimes have aura
Partial seizures
35
Continuous tonic-clonic seizures that last
longer than 30 minutes
Recur before the end of the postictal period of
the previous seizure
Emergency situation
Parenteral benzodiazepines
Status epilepticus
36
What is the teratogenic factor associated with epilepsy?
Risk-to-benefit
37
➢ Partial seizures – first choice
➢ Muscle relaxer
➢ Sedative
➢ Antidepressant
carbamazepine (Tegretol)
38
Effect on sodium and potassium channels
Treatment of generalized seizures
Also used for migraine treatment and bipolar
disorder
divalproex (Depakote)
39
Elderly patients, newly diagnosed partial or
generalized seizures
Children
Easily tolerated
Bipolar disorder maintenance therapy
Improve depression
iamotrigine (Lamicital)
40
Depresses CNS to decrease seizures
Can be given in IV in hospital to rapidly
control seizures
No longer considered drug of first choice
phenytoin (Dilantin)
41
Oldest epilepsy medication still in use
Barbiturate
Treat most forms of seizures
Known for effectiveness and low cost
Can cause sleepiness/sedation and
changes in behavior
Phenobarbitol
42
Treat nerve pain from
shingles
gabapentin
43
Used to treat fibromyalgia
pregabalin
44
What are psychiatric disorders characterized as?
Psychoses
Affective disorder
Neuroses (anxiety)
45
What disorder goes with psychoses?
Schizophrenia
46
What disorders go with affective disorders?
Bipolar
Unipolar
47
What disorders go with neurosis?
Anxiety
Panic
Obssessive-compulsive disorder
48
What are used to treat psychoses?
Antipsychotic agents
49
What are used to treat affective disorders?
Antidepressants
50
What is used to treat bipolar disorder?
Lithium
51
What is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders?
Benzodiazepines
52
What is used to treat the following?
Schizophrenia
Antiemetic effects
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Intractable hiccups
Certain drug withdrawals
Antipsychotic agents
53
Extensive disturbance of personality function with loss of perception of reality
Delusions or paranoia
Hallucinations
“someone is out to get me”
Etiology in unknown; familial pattern often seen
Schizophrenia
54
What are the first generation antipsychotic agents?
fluphenazine (Prolixin)
haloperidol (Haldol)
55
Nerves associated with motor activity
Extrapyramidal
56
Action at more then one receptor
Treat more of the symptoms
Less side effects
Second generation drugs
57
Dopamine antagonists
More likely to treat the positive symptoms
More side effects
First generation drugs
58
aripriprazole (Abilify)
olanzapine (Zyprexa)
quetiapine (Seroquel)
risperidone (Risperdal)
ziprasidone (Geodon)
Second generation antipsychotic agents
59
Low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Endogenous depression
60
Manic-depressive disorder
Alternate periods of depression and excitation
Bipolar depression
61
What is SSRI?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
62
What is SNRI?
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
63
Inhibit the reuptake of
serotonin
First line of therapy
Well tolerated
CNS stimulation
Gastrointestinal (GI) – weight gain
SSRI's
64
fluoxetine (Prozac) first member
citalopram (Celexa)
escitalopram (Lexapro)
sertraline (Zoloft)
paroxetine (Paxil)
SSRI's
65
venlafaxine (Effexor)
duloxetine (Cymbalta)
SNRI's
66
No longer first-line therapy
Similar action to SNRI’s
Reserved for moderate to severe depression
NO epinephrine in local anesthesia
Tricyclic Antidepressants
67
Used as last choice
Many adverse effects
Severe toxic reactions
Many drug and food interactions
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
(MAOIs)
68
Been on off on the market
Seizures as side effect
Reserved for those who are non-responsive to other agents
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
69
Fewer anticholinergic effects
Less cardiotoxic
Highly sedative
trazodone (Desyrel)
70
carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Valproate
gabapentin (Neurontin)
Antieplieptic agents
71
syndrome, group of symptoms that affect cognitive tasks
Dementia
72
What disease gets worse with time?
Alzheimer's
73
What's the most common drug used with Alzheimer's?
(Can only try to slow down disease)
donepezil (Aricept)
74
Group of agents secreted by the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticosteroids
75
What are the two groups of Adrenocorticosteroids?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
76
Regulates metabolism and respond to stress
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
77
Regulate salt and water balance; maintain BP
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
78
What is the most likely synthetic Adrenocorticosteroids?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
79
Essential for the utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein by the body (metabolism) and for normal response to stress
Glucocorticoids
80
Deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids
*Fatigue, nausea, darkening of skin, abdominal pain, low BP and blood sugar levels
Addison disease
81
What syndrome comes from excess of adrenocorticosteroids?
Cushing syndrome
82
Powerful anti-inflammatory effects and are used to
treat conditions that involve inflammation
*They also decrease the body’s immune response
Glucocorticoids
83
What is a naturally occurring Mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone
84
What are the routes of transmission for Adrenocorticosteroids?
Topically
Orally
Intramuscularly
Intravenously
85
What route of transmission rarely gives off systemic effects?
Topical
86
Treating symptoms of a condition rather than curing it
Palliative
87
What are the metabolic changes of taking Adrenocorticosteroids?
Cushing syndrome appearance
Hyperglycemia
88
What are patients at a risk for with long term use of Adrenocorticosteroids?
Osteoporosis
89
What are the uses of Adrenocorticosteroids?
Inflammation/allergy (most common)
Replacement
Emergencies
90
What are the dental uses of Adrenocorticosteroids?
Oral lesions
Aphthous stomatitis
TMJ
Oral surgery
Pulp procedures
91
What are the short acting Adrenocorticosteroids?
hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
prednisone (Deltasone)
methylprednisolone (Medrol)
92
What are the intermediate acting Adrenocorticosteroids?
triamcinolone
prednisolone (Omnipred)
93
What are the long acting adrenocorticosteroids?
dexamethasone
betamethasone
94
What is the prototype Adrenocorticosteroids?
Hydrocortisone
95
Synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens)
*Used to promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male sexual characteristics
Anabolic steroids
