Exam 2 Flashcards by Aliyah Bennett

Functions without conscious effort

Autonomic nervous system

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What does the autonomic nervous system control?

BP
Pulse
Respiration
Salivary gland secretion
GI tract motility

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What does the PANS system refer to?

Rest and digest

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What does SANS refer to?

Fight or flight

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Mimic sympathetic system

Parasympathomimetics

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What drugs are under the parasympathetic nervous system PNS?

-Cholinergic Drugs
-Anticholinergic Drugs

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Mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system

Cholinergic drugs

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used to increase salivary flow in patients with xerostomia

pilocarpine (salagen)

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treat mild, moderate dementia

donepezil (Aricept)

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What are the adverse reactions for autonomic drugs?
- SLUD

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation

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-Block acetylcholine action on smooth muscle,
glandular tissue, and the heart
-“Dry you up”

Anticholinergic agents
(Parasympatholytic)

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What are the types of Anticholinergic drugs?

-atropine - decrease salivary flow
-Imodium - diarrhea
-scopolamine - motion sickness
-Dramamine - motion sickness

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What drugs are associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

-Adrenergic Drugs
-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs

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effects mimic the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathomimetic

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What are Adrenergic Blocking Agents used to treat?

-Cardiac arrhythmia
-Hypertension
-Angina
-Glaucoma
-Myocardial infarction

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relax muscles causing vasodilation

Alpha blockers

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What are beta blockers used for?

B1 - reduce BP
B2 - bronchoconstriction

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What does a drug ending in -alol mean?

Has both alpha & beta blocking actions

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means by which body is made urgently aware of the presence of tissue damage

Sensation of pain

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protective reflex for self-preservation

Pain

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message of pain that is carried
through the nerves to the cortex

Perception

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the patient’s emotional response to pain

Reaction

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What factors lower your pain threshold?

Anxiety
Sleeplessness
Tiredness
Anger
Fear
Depression
Discomfort
Pain
Isolation

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What factors raise your pain threshold?

Sleep
Rest
Diversion
Empathy

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What specific medications raise our pain threshold?

Analgesics Antianxiety agents Antidepressants

act primarily at peripheral nerve endings, although their antipyretic effect is mediated centrally

Nonopioid analgesics

act primarily in the central nervous system

Opioids

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Nonopioid analgesics NSAIDS

affect the response to pain by depressing the CNS

Opioids

What is the chemical name for aspirin?

Acetylsalicylic acid

Who should not take aspirin?

Children under 18

What is the low & high dose of aspirin?

81mg , 325mg

What can prostaglandins do?

-Sensitize pain receptors -Lower pain threshold -Cause inflammation and fever -Affect vascular tone

Absorbed from the stomach and small intestine rapidly

Aspirin

Delays absorption until it passes the stomach and reaches the small intestine

Coated aspirin

What have zero-order kinetics?

Aspirin

What are the A's for aspirin?

Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Anti-platelet

What is analgesic?

Pain reducer

What is antipyretic?

Fever reducer

What is anti-platelet?

Blood thinner

Swelling in the brain/liver damage

Reye's syndrome

What is the lethal dose of aspirin for a child?

4gm

What is the lethal dose of aspirin for adults?

10-30gm

What are NSAIDs?

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

-Peak in 1-2 hrs -Food reduces rate but not extent of absorption -Metabolized in liver -Excreted by kidneys

NSAIDs

What are the A's to NSAIDs?

Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory

-Rapidly absorbed orally -Food decreases rate but not extent of absorption

Ibuprofen

-Significantly higher incidences of GI effects -No real dental use

Celebrex

What are the A's for acetaminophen (tylenol)?

Analgesic Antipyretic

Who is tylenol a drug of choice for?

-Children -Patients on anti-cagulants -Patients with ulcers -Post-operative pain after periodontal therapy

What is the toxic dose of tylenol?

12gm

What are the treatments of tylenol toxicity?

Gastric lavage Activated charcoal

-Associated with long-term consumption of acetaminophen -Increased risk if used with aspirin or NSAID’s

Nephrotoxictiy

What is the skin reaction to tylenol?

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

What is the adult regular strength dose of tylenol?

325mg

What is the adult extra strength dose of tylenol?

500mg

dried juice from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy

Opium

Block pain receptors in the brain

opioids

How are opioids absorbed?

Orally Lungs Nasal Mucosa

Cough suppresion

Antitussive

What are the pregnancy and nursing considerations for opioids?

-Infant born addict -Depressed respiration -Withdrawal symptoms

What is the number one cause of death with opioids?

Respiratory depression

Need for larger amounts to produce the same effect

Tolerance

No longer responds to the stimuli

Habituation

Relying on or being controlled by something

Dependence

What is considered a prototype drug?

Morphine

What account for 40.2% of Rx for patients aged 18-30 years?

Analgesics

the second dental problem for which drugs are most often prescribed

Dental infections

What is the first reason why drugs are most often prescribed?

Dental pain

What are antiinfective agents prescribed for?

Caries Periodontal disease Localized dental infection Systemic infections

What are the factors that determine the likelihood of a microorganism causing an infection?

Virulence Inoculum Immunologic response

Ability of bacteria to produce disease

Virulence

The number of organisms present

Inoculum

the range of activity of a drug

Spectrum

Substances produced by microorganisms that can also destroy microorganisms

Antibacterial agents

Ability to kill

Bactericidal

Surpress the growth of bacterial

Bacteriostatic

The ability of an organism to be unaffected by an antimicrobial drug

Antibiotic resistance

Organism previously sensitive is no longer

Acquired resistance

Organisms has always been resistant

Natural resistance

What is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic in dentistry?

Penicillin

What is the most likely antibiotic to produce an anaphylactic allergic reaction?

Penicillin

What are the drug interactions with antimicrobial agents?

Oral contraceptives Oral anticoagulants Other antimicrobials

-Bacteriostatic -Affective against aerobic microorganisms not anaerobic -Safe for penicillin allergies

Macrolides

Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics affecting a wide range of gram- positive and gram-negative microorganisms

Tetracyclines

Limited use because rare adverse reaction of pseudomembranous colitis

Clindamycin

An antiinfective bactericidal with trichomonacidal, amebicidal, and bactericidal action; penetrates all bacterial cells -Antiinflammatory effects

Metronidazole

Used most frequently for non-dental related infections (respiratory tract infections, skin)

ciprofloxacin - Quinolones

What is the drug combination for TB?

Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol