chat Flashcards by McKenna Glasgow

Which of the following best defines microbiology?
A. The study of cells and their functions
B. The study of small life forms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
C. The study of animals and their behavior
D. The study of plants and their growth

B. The study of small life forms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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Which scientist is known as the ‘Father of Microbiology’?
A. Robert Koch
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Edward Jenner

C. Louis Pasteur

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What was the key discovery of Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
A. Discovery of penicillin
B. Invention of the electron microscope
C. Observation of protozoa and bacteria
D. Development of Koch’s postulates

C. Observation of protozoa and bacteria

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Which of the following statements about Koch’s postulates is NOT true?
A. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease.
B. The microorganism can only be found in sick animals, never in healthy ones.
C. The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
D. The microorganism must cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

B. The microorganism can only be found in sick animals, never in healthy ones.

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Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic microorganism?
A. Bacteria
B. Archaea
C. Virus
D. Fungi

D. Fungi

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What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
C. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
D. Prokaryotic cells are always multicellular.

C. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

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Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
A. Bacteria
B. Archaea
C. Protista
D. Eukarya

C. Protista

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Which of the following scientists developed the first successful smallpox vaccine?
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Edward Jenner
C. Robert Koch
D. Alexander Fleming

B. Edward Jenner

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What is the purpose of Gram staining in microbiology?
A. To determine the size of bacteria
B. To identify viral infections
C. To differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall structure
D. To detect fungal spores

C. To differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall structure

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What is the primary function of the cell membrane in all living organisms?
A. Energy production
B. Genetic information storage
C. Protection and selective permeability
D. Protein synthesis

C. Protection and selective permeability

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Which of the following best describes the concept of “One Health”?
A. The study of animal welfare only
B. A collaborative effort to optimize health for people, animals, and the environment
C. The study of human diseases exclusively
D. The practice of sustainable agriculture

B. A collaborative effort to optimize health for people, animals, and the environment

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Who first disproved the theory of spontaneous generation for large organisms?
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Robert Koch
C. Francesco Redi
D. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

C. Francesco Redi

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Which of the following structures is present in all living cells?
A. Cell wall
B. Nucleus
C. Plasma membrane
D. Mitochondria

C. Plasma membrane

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Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic microorganism?
A. Fungi
B. Protozoa
C. Bacteria
D. Helminths

C. Bacteria

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What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
B. Eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane
C. Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus
D. Eukaryotic cells do not have ribosomes

C. Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus

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Which of the following scientists is known for his work on antiseptic surgery?
A. Joseph Lister
B. Edward Jenner
C. Robert Koch
D. Louis Pasteur

A. Joseph Lister

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Which of the following is NOT a method used to identify bacteria?
A. Gram staining
B. Nucleic acid base testing
C. Protein folding analysis
D. Biochemical tests

C. Protein folding analysis

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What is the main purpose of Koch’s postulates?
A. To identify bacterial shapes
B. To establish a link between a specific microbe and a specific disease
C. To classify living organisms
D. To describe the structure of viruses

B. To establish a link between a specific microbe and a specific disease

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Which component is part of the cell wall of most bacteria but not found in Archaea?
A. Peptidoglycan
B. Cellulose
C. Chitin
D. Lignin

A. Peptidoglycan

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Which of the following best describes the term “taxonomy”?
A. The study of cell structures
B. The classification of living organisms
C. The study of viruses
D. The study of genetic inheritance

B. The classification of living organisms

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Which of the following is a function of the human microbiome?
A. Causing disease in all cases
B. Producing antibodies
C. Aiding in digestion and immune function
D. Replacing human cells with bacterial cells

C. Aiding in digestion and immune function

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Which scientist is credited with the discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin?
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Robert Koch
C. Alexander Fleming
D. Edward Jenner

C. Alexander Fleming

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Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?
A. They are unicellular organisms
B. They can replicate without a host
C. They lack a true cellular structure
D. They contain both DNA and RNA in the same particle

C. They lack a true cellular structure

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Which domain of life includes organisms without a nucleus and without peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
A. Bacteria
B. Archaea
C. Eukarya
D. Protista

B. Archaea

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Which of the following statements about prions is correct? A. Prions are a type of bacteria B. Prions contain both DNA and RNA C. Prions are misfolded proteins that cause disease D. Prions can be treated with antibiotics

C. Prions are misfolded proteins that cause disease

Which scientist’s work supported the germ theory of disease and led to the development of pasteurization? A. Robert Koch B. Louis Pasteur C. Joseph Lister D. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

B. Louis Pasteur

What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall? A. Cellulose B. Chitin C. Peptidoglycan D. Glycogen

C. Peptidoglycan

Which of the following is NOT a method used to identify bacterial species? A. DNA hybridization B. Phage typing C. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing D. Fatty acid profiling

C. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing

What is the function of ribosomes in a cell? A. DNA replication B. Energy production C. Protein synthesis D. Cell membrane formation

C. Protein synthesis

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease? A. Malaria B. Tuberculosis C. Rabies D. Tetanus

C. Rabies

Who is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis and is known as the ‘Father of Natural Immunity’? A. Alexander Fleming B. Elie Metchnikoff C. Edward Jenner D. Robert Koch

B. Elie Metchnikoff

Who is considered the ‘Father of Modern Pathology’ and introduced the concept of ‘zoonosis’? A. Robert Koch B. Rudolf Virchow C. Louis Pasteur D. Joseph Lister

B. Rudolf Virchow

Which scientist developed the first successful smallpox vaccine in 1798? A. Louis Pasteur B. Joseph Lister C. Edward Jenner D. Robert Koch

C. Edward Jenner

Which microbiologist is known for his groundbreaking work with anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis, and developed the four postulates for linking microbes to disease? A. Louis Pasteur B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek C. Robert Koch D. Edward Jenner

C. Robert Koch

Which scientist’s work led to the development of sterile surgical techniques using carbolic acid (phenol)? A. Joseph Lister B. Louis Pasteur C. Robert Koch D. Edward Jenner

A. Joseph Lister

Who is known as the ‘Father of Microbiology’ and developed the germ theory of disease? A. Robert Koch B. Louis Pasteur C. Edward Jenner D. Alexander Fleming

B. Louis Pasteur

Which scientist accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928? A. Joseph Lister B. Louis Pasteur C. Alexander Fleming D. Robert Koch

C. Alexander Fleming

Which scientist first observed and described bacteria and protozoa using a simple microscope? A. Louis Pasteur B. Robert Hooke C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek D. Joseph Lister

C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who is known for classifying bacteria based on shape and for pioneering the study of bacterial endospores? A. Robert Koch B. Ferdinand Cohn C. Louis Pasteur D. Joseph Lister

B. Ferdinand Cohn

Which scientist coined the term “cell” after observing cork tissue under a microscope? A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Robert Hooke C. Louis Pasteur D. Robert Koch

B. Robert Hooke

1. What is molecular biology primarily concerned with? A. Cell division B. Molecular basis of biological activity C. Photosynthesis D. Population genetics

B. Molecular basis of biological activity

Who first proposed the central dogma of molecular biology? A. James Watson B. Rosalind Franklin C. Francis Crick D. Gregor Mendel

C. Francis Crick

Which of the following best describes the central dogma? A. DNA → RNA → Protein B. RNA → DNA → Protein C. Protein → RNA → DNA D. DNA → Protein → RNA

A. DNA → RNA → Protein

What was the key finding of Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment? A. DNA is double-stranded B. Genetic material can be transferred between cells C. Proteins are the genetic material D. Cells reproduce by mitosis

B. Genetic material can be transferred between cells

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrate in their follow-up to Griffith’s experiment? A. RNA is the genetic material B. Proteins are the genetic material C. DNA is the genetic material D. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission

C. DNA is the genetic material

Which scientist’s work on X-ray diffraction was crucial for the discovery of DNA’s structure? A. James Watson B. Francis Crick C. Maurice Wilkins D. Rosalind Franklin

D. Rosalind Franklin

Chargaff’s rule states that in DNA: A. A = T and G = C B. A = G and T = C C. A = U and G = T D. A = C and G = T

A. A = T and G = C

Which of the following is a purine? A. Cytosine B. Thymine C. Adenine D. Uracil

C. Adenine

The DNA double helix is held together by: A. Ionic bonds B. Hydrogen bonds C. Peptide bonds D. Covalent bonds

B. Hydrogen bonds

What are the three main components of a nucleotide? A. Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base B. Sugar, lipid, protein C. Phosphate, lipid, enzyme D. Protein, DNA, RNA

A. Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA? A. RNA contains thymine, while DNA contains uracil B. DNA is single-stranded, while RNA is double-stranded C. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar D. RNA is more stable than DNA

C. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar

DNA strands run in opposite directions, meaning they are: A. Parallel B. Antiparallel C. Co-linear D. Perpendicular

B. Antiparallel

Okazaki fragments are found: A. On the leading strand B. On the lagging strand C. In prokaryotic cells only D. In the nucleus only

B. On the lagging strand

Which enzyme unzips the DNA double helix during replication? A. DNA polymerase B. DNA ligase C. DNA helicase D. RNA polymerase

C. DNA helicase

What is the role of DNA polymerase? A. Unzips the DNA double helix B. Joins Okazaki fragments C. Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand D. Forms the sugar-phosphate backbone

C. Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

What is the significance of DNA being replicated semiconservatively? A. Only half of the DNA is copied B. One original strand is conserved in each new DNA molecule C. The process requires half as much energy D. Both strands are copied identically

B. One original strand is conserved in each new DNA molecule

Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together? A. DNA polymerase B. DNA ligase C. Helicase D. Topoisomerase

B. DNA ligase

DNA replication starts at: A. A promoter B. A ribosome C. An origin of replication D. A spliceosome

C. An origin of replication

Which of the following helps prevent errors during DNA replication? A. DNA helicase B. DNA ligase C. Proofreading by DNA polymerase D. mRNA processing

C. Proofreading by DNA polymerase

Which of the following is NOT true about DNA replication? A. It is semiconservative B. It occurs in the cytoplasm C. It requires a primer to start D. It occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction

B. It occurs in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. pRNA

D. pRNA

Transcription occurs in the: A. Nucleus B. Ribosome C. Mitochondria D. Cytoplasm

A. Nucleus

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for mRNA synthesis in eukaryotes? A. RNA polymerase I B. RNA polymerase II C. RNA polymerase III D. DNA polymerase

B. RNA polymerase II

Introns are: A. Coding regions B. Non-coding regions C. Translated regions D. Ribosomal regions

B. Non-coding regions

What is the function of a promoter? A. Terminates transcription B. Initiates translation C. Starts transcription D. Splices introns

C. Starts transcription

What is the purpose of PCR? A. Separate proteins B. Amplify DNA C. Sequence RNA D. Transcribe DNA

B. Amplify DNA

What is the key enzyme used in PCR? A. RNA polymerase B. Reverse transcriptase C. Taq polymerase D. Ligase

C. Taq polymerase

Which technique separates DNA fragments by size? A. PCR B. Electrophoresis C. Blotting D. Centrifugation

B. Electrophoresis

Which molecule is used as a vector in genetic engineering? A. Plasmid B. Ribosome C. tRNA D. RNA polymerase

A. Plasmid

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide? A. Phosphate group B. Ribose sugar C. Nitrogenous base D. Protein

D. Protein

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