Immunology Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What is immunology
A
a branch of biochemical science that studies the immune system in all organisms
2
Q
Type of immune response
A
Innate, adaptive, immune memory
3
Q
what is the immune system
A
prevents and limits the entry and effect of pathogens to maintain optimal health
4
Q
order of pathogens
A
1 - gain access to the body
2- attach to and/or enter cells of its hosts
3- while in the body reproduce and avoid host’s immune system
4- induce harmful changes in the host
5
Q
the ability of the body to ward of disease through defense mechanisms
A
immunity
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Q
3 things that immunity can do
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1 - prevent disease caused by microbes and their products
2 - protect against encironmental agents such as allergens and toxins
3 - protect from malignant tumors forming
7
Q
body vulnerability
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susceptibility
8
Q
why is immunology is essential
A
to diagnose, treat, manage and prevent diseases
9
Q
immunotherapy
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‘biologic therapy’ a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer
10
Q
potential overreaction of immune system
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“cytokine storm”
11
Q
immunology is researched to
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optimize immune responses
12
Q
innate immune response
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- defense mechanisms present at birth
- always present and acailable
- occurs immediately
- non-specific
13
Q
other names for innate
A
inborn, natural, congenital, inherent
13
Q
Adaptive immune response
A
specific immune response to specific pathogens
14
Q
Immunr memory
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follows the adaptive response, highly specific to the original pathogen, retained for later use
15
Q
type of immune responses
A
innate response, and adaptive response
16
Q
innate response
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battery of responses to prevent entry and invasion
17
Q
adaptive response
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remember the previous assault and protect when encountered again
18
Q
how does the immune system prevent diseases
A
prevent entry of pathogens, neutralize and remove pathogents, destory body’s own cells that have changed
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Q
cellular components of immune system
A
bone marrow, myeloid cells, lyphoid cells
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Q
Bone marrow
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contains stem cells, precursors for all immune cells
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Q
myeloid cells
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eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophanges
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lymphoid cells
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B cells and T cells, Natural killer cells
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Q
Haematopoiesis
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formation of the cellular components of the blood
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organs of immune system
primary and secondary lymphoid organs
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Primary lymphoid organs
where lymphocyes are formed and mature, thymus and bone marrow
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Secondary lymphoid organs
maintain mature naive, lymph node, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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Thymus Gland
primary lymphoid organ, T cell and lymphocytes mature in the thymus, developing T-cells are referred as thymocytes
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Lymphatic system
network of vessels and tissues composed of lymph, extracellular fluid, lymphoid organsm (thymus and lymph nodes)
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first line of defense
innate and nonspecific
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second line of defenses
innate and nonspecific
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third line of defense
adaptive and specific
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things in the first line of defense
* skin and mucous membranes
* physical barriers
*chemical barriers
*normal microbiota
*the gut microbiome
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Structure of skin
epidermis and dermis
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properties of epidermis
* dead keratin layer
* tightly packed multiple layers of epithelium
* dryness of the skin
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Properties of dermis
*thick dermal collagen
*sweat contains salt inhibits growth of pathogens
*antimicrobial peptides
*Lysozyme - destroys cell wall of bacteria
*Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands
*lower pH of skin to level inhibitory to bacteria
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Mucous membranes
* line all body cavities open to outside environment
*single layer of living epithelial cells packed to prevent entry
*continual shedding removes attached microorganisms
*produce mucus, lysozymes and antimicrobial peptides
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examples of chemical barriers
tears, saliva, pH, gastric acid, mucus, hairs, earwax, cilia
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things in the second line of defense
phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances
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phagocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages
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cells involved in innate immune system
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes/dendrice cells/ macrophages
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features of the innate immune system
respond quickly and broadly, typically inflamation, active adaptive immunity, critical for defense, disorders cause chronic susceptibility
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where do immune cell precurses originate
bone marrow
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Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
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Neutrophils
most abundant WBC, cells in pus, respond quickly, acute inflamation - PHAGOCYTE
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Eosinophils
effect cell in allergic respond & asthma, fight parasitic colonization - PHAGOCYTE
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Basophils
least common, release histance and other inflammatory chemicals
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Mast cells
play key role in inflmmation allergy and anaphylaxis
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Agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
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lymphocytes
most involved in specific immunity, t b nk cells
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monocytes
in blood, mature in macrophages in tissues - PHAGOCYTE
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monocyte examples
tissue - histiocyte
live - kupffer cell
skin - langerhan's and dendritic cells
brain - microglia
bone - osteoclast
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Cytotoxic T cells
murder cells. kill virus-infected and damaged cells
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helped t cells
help Cytotoxic t cells and B cells in their immune functions
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b cells
produce antibolitics
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Langerhans cells
members of dendritic cell famile, in epidermis, epithelia of respiratory, digestive, and urogential tracts
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kupffer cells
phagocytic cells that form lining of sinusoid of liver and break down blood cells
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Stages of phagocytosis
1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. digestion
5. elimination
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chemotaxis
chemical atttraction to microorganism (damaged tissue, cytokines)
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Opsonixation
process of a microbe being marked for destruction
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Opsonin
antibody that binds to foreign cells
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Phagocyte receptors
toll like receptors (TLRs) - pattern recogniton receptors
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Microbe PAMP or DAMP
Pathogen/Danger(Damage) Associated Molecular Pattern
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What does the ingesting
pseudopods
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Lysol enzymes
lysozyme, lipase, protease, nuclease, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase
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Digestion happens with
lysosomes in cytoplasm
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what are the cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function
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acute inflammation
intense and for short period
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Chronic inflammation
less intense and long lasting
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effect of inflammation
destory or limit infection
repair the damaged tissue
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type of antimicrobial substances
complement, interferons, iron binding proteins, antimicrobial peptides
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what controls body temperature
hypothalamus
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complement
component of innate immune system, group of >30 proteins activated by reaction, actions of these proteins destroy microbes
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three complement pathways
1. classical pathways
2. alternate pathway
3. lectin pahway
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alternate pathway
initiated by the interaction between C3, factors BDP and pathogens
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how do complement substances destroy microbes
enhances phagocytosis, inflammation, cytolysis
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classical pathway
initated by antigen antibody complexes
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lectin pathway
mannose-binding lectin binds to mannose
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complement functions
opsonization, chemotaxis, cell ltsis, agglutination
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agglutination
clustering and binding of pathogens together
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opsonization
enhancing phogcytosis of bacteria/antigens
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membrane attack complex
polymerization of C5-C9
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Termical complement complex
also MAC, results of the surface of a pathogen after activation
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Interferons
group of signalling proteins relesed by host cells
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types of interferon
alpha, beta, gamma
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Iron binding proteins
bacteria require iron these proteins make it unavailable
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types of proteins iron is bound to
transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin
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Third line of defense
specific
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what is adaptice immunity
specific response again speific pathogen or molecule
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humoral response
aspect of immunity mediated by macromolecules
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types of specific immunity
humoral response, cell mediated responses
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cell mediated responses
b or T cells having unique receptors
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types of humoral immunity
secreted antibodies, complement proteins, antimicrobial peptides
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adaptive immunity
also acquired immunity, takes days to weeks, complex and sophisticated
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antigen
substance that causes system to produce antibodies
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epitope
specific piece of an antigen that antibodies bind to
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Anamnestic responce
secondary reaction, from retained memory of encounter, has quicker response
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what is an antigen
usually proteins or large polysaccharides, lipids or nucleic acids when combined
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Hapten
incomplete antigen, low molecular weight, attaches to carrier molecule to induce antibody response
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when are antibodies produced
durning humoral immune response by a plasma cell
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how many antigen binding sites do antibodies have
2 idential
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antibody structure
has two regions - constant and variable, shape of y, 2 identical heacy chains and light chains
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IgG
80% in serum antibody, can placental transfer
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IgM
effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens, first produced antibodies
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IgA
in secretions
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IgD
on B cell surface, blood, lymph
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IgE
allergic reactions, possible lysis of parasitic worms
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Intralcellular pathogens
expressed on cell surfaces of an antigen, cytokines activate macrophages, release cytokines
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T helper 1
activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity
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T helper 2
Stimulates production of IgM, IgE
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Cyototoxic T lymphocyte
destroys target cells on contact
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T regulatory
regluates immune response
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Activated Macrophage
ehanced phagocytic activity, attacks caner cells
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NK cell
attacks and destorys target cells
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Major Histocompatibility complex
cell surface molecules play role in cell-mediated immune response, bind to foreign antigens and prestnt to t cells, also human leukocyte antigen
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Class 1 MHC
in all nucleated cells
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Class 2 MHC
only in antigen presenting cells
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class 3 MHC
highest gene density
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T- helper cells
1,2,17, fh bind to MHC Class 2 molecules
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T-cytotoxic cells
binds to MHC class 1 molecules, processinf and presenting endogenouse and cytosolic antigens
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Antigen presenting cells
process and present antigents for recognition
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Types of APCs
macrophages, b cells, dendritic cells, langerhans cells
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cytotoxic T cells
release perforins and proteolytic enzyme to kill targeted cell
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what proteolutic enzyme
granzymes
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Antibody Dependent Cell mediated Cytotoxicity
release the content of cytotoxic granules, kills antibody-coated target cell
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Cytokines
chemical messengers produced during immune response, stimulates movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.
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Chemokines
small cytokines involved in chemotaxis
