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ACVR Objectives > Cheat sheet > Flashcards

Cheat sheet Flashcards

1
Q 
I-123
Normal A? 
Mode of decay
principle energu
physical half life
A

53
Electron capture
159keV
13.2h

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2
Q 
Str-89 
Normal A? 
Mode of decay
principle energu
physical half life
A

38
Beta - Yttrium 89
None
50d

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3
Q 
O-15
Z? 
Mode of decay
principle energu
physical half life
A

8
B+ (neutron poor) - N15
173keV
2 minutes

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4
Q 
F-18
Z? 
Mode of decay
principle energu
physical half life
A

9
B+ (neutron poor) - O18
635keV
110min

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5
Q 
Mo-99
Z? 
Mode of decay
Principle energy
Physical half life
A

42
B- (neutron excess) - Tc-99m
740keV
67h

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6
Q 
I-131 
Z? 
Mode of decay
Principle nergy
physical half life
A

53
B- (neutron excess) –> Xe-131
364keV
8d

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7
Q 
Tc99
Z?
Mode of decay
Principle energy
Physical half life
A

43
Isomeric transition
140keV
6 hours

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8
Q 
What are half lives: 
Tc99
F18
Io131
Co57
A

Tc - 6.0h
F18 - 110min
I131 - 8.0d
Co57 - 271.8d

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9
Q

Wavelength of violet light

A

380-450nm

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10
Q

Wavelength of blue light

A

450-500

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11
Q

Wavelength of green light

A

500-570

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12
Q

Yellow light wavelength

A

570-590

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13
Q

Orange light wavelength

A

590-620

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14
Q

Red light wavelength

A

620-750

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15
Q

UV light wavelength

A

400-10nm

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16
Q

X-ray wavelength

A

0.01-10nm

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17
Q

Gamma ray wavelength

A

10^-12

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18
Q

US frequency

A

2-20MHz

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19
Q

Gamma ray frequency

A

10^19Hz

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20
Q

Ca
Z?
K-edge?

A

20

4.5keV

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21
Q

Iodine
Z?
K-edge?

A

53

34.5keV

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22
Q

Barium
Z?
K-edge?

A

56

40.4keV

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23
Q

Cesium
Z?
K-edge?

A

55

38.9keV

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24
Q

Tungsten
Z?
K-edge?

A

74

69.5keV

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25
Q

Lead.
Z?
K-edge?

A

82

93.1keV

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26
Q

Bismuth
Z?
K-edge?

A

83

95.7keV

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27
Q

Yttrium
Z?
K-edge?

A

39

17keV

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28
Q

Gadolinium
Z?
K-edge?

A

64

50.2keV

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29
Q

Molybdenum
Z?
K-edge?

A

42

21keV

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30
Q

Law of transformers in regards to # of turns?

A

Np/Ns = Vp/Vs

31
Q

Law of transformers in regards to voltage?

A

VpIp = VsIs

32
Q

Conversion efficiency of CaWO4 vs rare earth screens?

A

CaWO4 - 5%

Rare earth = 20%

33
Q

Absorption efficiency of film, CaWO4 or rare earth screens?

A

Film - 1%
CaWO4 = 20%
Rare earth = 40-60%

34
Q

Optical density equation

A 
OD = log (1/T) 
OD = log (Io/I) = without a film/with a film
35
Q

Calculation of transmittance?

A

T = I/Io

With a film/without a film

36
Q

Deterministic effects?

A
  • Practical threshold – below this dose – no effects occur
  • Severity increases with dose – degree of change increase with dose
  • Skin erythema, sterilization, cataracts
37
Q

Stochastic effects?

A
  • Severity is independent of dose
  • No threshold
  • Probability increases with dose
    Examples: hereditary effects, cancer
38
Q

Transient equilibrium?

A

Parent’s T1/2 is 10x that of daughter

Equilibrium reached in 3.8 daughter T 1/2

39
Q

Secular equilibrium

A

Parent’s T1/2 is 100x that of daughter

Equilibrium reached in 5-6 daughter T1/2

40
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

L image / L object

A+B/B
A = source to object
B = object to film

41
Q

How do you calculate true magnification?

A

M = m + (m-1)/(f/d)

42
Q

How do you calculate the penumbra?

A 
Lg = Lf (b/a)
B = object to film distance
A = source to object
43
Q

How do you calculate the penumbra?

A 
Lg = Lf (b/a)
B = object to film distance
A = source to object
44
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

Planar gamma camera

A

Matrix: 64 or 128

Bits/pixel: 8 or 16

45
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

Digital radiography

A

Matrix: >2000

Bits/pixel: 12-16

46
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

fluoroscoxpy

A

512 or 1024

12 bits/pixel

47
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

CT

A

512

12 bits/pixel

48
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

MRI

A

64 to 1024

12 bits/pixel

49
Q

Typical pixel format and bits/pixel for:

US

A

512

8 bits/pixel

50
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

Screen film

A

0.08mm

51
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

Digital radiography

A

0.17mm

52
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

Fluoro

A

0.125mm

53
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

CT

A

0.3mm

54
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

Nuc med

A

2.5mm

55
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

SPECT

A

7mm

56
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

MRI

A

1mm

57
Q

Limiting spatial resolution:

US

A

0.3mm

58
Q

Thickness of PZT?

High frequency vs low frequency?

A

1/2 wavelength
Low frequency = thicker crystals
High frequency = thinner crystals

59
Q

What is the q-factor?

A

Q = center frequency / bandwidth

Describes bandwidth of sound emanating from a transducer and length of time it persists

60
Q

Describe a low Q factor

A

Useful for pulse imaging (tissue)
Better receivers
Heavy damping - resulting in short SPL/short ring-down, and an impure sound (broad bandwidth)
Improved spatial resolution

61
Q

Describe a high Q factor

A 
Useful for pulsed Doppler imaging
Better transmitters
Light damping - long ring-down that results in a long SPL
Pure sound (narrow bandwidth) 
Decreased spatial resolution
62
Q

How thick is the matching layer?

A

1/4 the wavelength

63
Q

What is the pulse repetition frequency?

A 
# of pulses/s in kHz - 2-4kHz 
Pulses = SPL (# of cycles x wavelength) - usually 3 total wavelengths
64
Q

How is PRF related to frame rate?

A

PRF = frame rate x # of echo lines x FR

65
Q

What is the maximal range of a pulse?

A

77,000/PRF

66
Q

What is the pulse repetition period?

A

Time from the beginning of one pulse to the next

Inverse of the PRF
PRP = 1/PRF

Increase the PRF - will decrease the PRP

67
Q

When do you need to use a lower PRF?

A

Low frequency transducers - have increased depth - need more time to listen for returning echoes (range ambiguity artifact may occur)

68
Q

What is the pulse duration?

A

Time if takes for 1 pulse to occur
Ratio of # of cycles in the pulse to transducer frequency
# of cycles/pulse divided by transducer frequency

69
Q

What happens to pulse duration if the frequency is increased?

A

Pulse duration will decrease

Period will also decrease

70
Q

What is the duty factor?

A

Fraction of ‘on’ time

Pulse duration / PRP

71
Q

What does a higher PRF do to the duty factor?

A

Duty factor = pulse duration / PRP
Higher PRF = smaller PRP = higher duty factor
Using a higher frequency transducer = more on-time… has less penetration and does not need to wait for returning echoes

72
Q

What is the spatial pulse length?

What does determine?

A

SPL = wavelength x # of cycles
Typically - 2-3 cycles per pulse
1/2 SPL = axial resolution

73
Q

What is a typical duty factor for real time imaging?

A

0.2-0.4% the rest is in listening mode

ACVR Objectives (18 decks)

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