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ACVR Objectives > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CV system originate from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What are the 5 portions of the primitive heart?

A 
truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
ventricle
atrium
sinus venosus
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3
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

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4
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become?

A

the right ventricle

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5
Q

What is the sinus venosus?

A

paired region into which the veins drain

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6
Q

What does the left sinus venosus become?

A

the coronary sinus

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7
Q

What does the right sinus venosus become?

A

it becomes incorporated into the right atrial wall

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8
Q

After formation of an endocardial tube - what occurs in development of the heart?

A

Forms an s-shaped curve

Truncus arteriosus –> bulbus cordis –> ventricle –> common AV opening –> atrium –> sinus venosus

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9
Q

What is the function of the truncus arteriosus in the embryonic heart?

A

common outflow tract

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10
Q

What is the function of the sinus venosus in the embryonic heart?

A

receives venous blood into the heart

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11
Q

How does the common atrioventricular become partitioned?

A

proliferation of the endocardial cushion and migration ventrally

Will eventually sit in the common area between the atria and ventricles

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12
Q

How are the atria partitioned?

A

Two separate septa are formed from dorsal atrial wall ventrally: septum primum and secundum - that grow to meet the endocardial cushion

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13
Q

What is the foramen primum? secundum?

A

Septum primum grows from dorsal atrial wall, obliterates pre-existing foramen primum

Foramen secundum develops through fenestrations of the first septum (dorsally within the atria)

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14
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

After the septum secundum grows ventrally (over top of the foramen secundum) - it will remain incomplete and the free edge forms the foramen ovale

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15
Q

What are the three stages of the interatrial foramen in the embryonic heart?

A

foramen primum
foramen secundum
foramen ovale

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16
Q

How are the embryonic ventricles partitioned?

A

Ventral –> dorsal growth of a muscular ridge from the central region of the common ventricle

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17
Q

How are the aorta and pulmonary trunk formed?

A

Truncus arteriosus partitioned in a spiral pattern to form the aorta and pulmonary trunk

18
Q

What deformity occurs if the truncus arteriosus fails to develop?

A

Transposition of the great vessels: Aorta will remain connected to the right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk to the left ventricle

19
Q

What does the paired ventral aorta become?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

20
Q

Which of the aortic arches regress without forming anything?

A

1, 2 and 5

21
Q

Which of the aortic arches will become a important structure?

A

3, 4 and 6

22
Q

What does the third aortic arch become?

A

Internal carotid artery and common carotid artery

External carotid artery buds from the third arch

23
Q

What does the left fourth aortic arch become?

A

Arch of the aorta

24
Q

What does the fourth right arch of the aorta become?

A

the right subclavian artery

25
Q

What do the sixth embryonic aortic arches become?

A

pulmonary arteries

Right - ductus arteriosus

26
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?

A

shunts blood from the pulmonary system into systemic circulation

27
Q

What is the persistence of the ductus arteriosus called after birth?

A

PDA

28
Q

Why does a PDA result in continuous shunting?

A

the aorta pressure is higher than the pulmonary artery in all stages –> continuous shunting into the pulmonary vasculature system.

29
Q

What are the major embryonic veins?

A 
Sinus venosus
vitelline veins
umbilical veins
common cardinal veins
cranial cardinal veins
caudal cardinal veins: super and supracardinal veins
30
Q

What embryonic veins will form the cranial vena cava and its major cranial branches (jugular)?

A

Each cranial cardinal will form the internal jugular vein
External jugular and subclavian veins bud from cranial cardinal veins
Caudal segment of right cranial cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein become right cranial vena cava

31
Q

What forms the brachiocephalic vein?
What does this vessel do?
If this does not form appropriately - what congenital vascular abnormality occurs?

A

left cranial cardinal vein
Shunts venous blood from the left –> right into the CrVC
double cranial vena cava

32
Q

What embryonic vasculature forms the cranial portion of the caudal vena cava?

A

Right subcardinal and right vitelline vein

33
Q

What embryonic vasculature forms the caudal portion of the caudal vena cava?

A

supracardinal vein

34
Q

What embryonic vessel becomes the azygos vein?

A

supracardinal vein, caudal and common cardinal veins of right side

35
Q

What embryonic vessel becomes the portal vessel?

A

vitelline vein

36
Q

What embryonic vessel forms the ductus venosus?

A

umbilical vein

37
Q

How can portosystemic shunts form?

A

Persistent ductus venosus

Anastomosis between portal vein and CVC or azygos (not too unreasonable given all the patchwork that goes on).

38
Q

Describe the major components of the fetal circulation?

A

Fetal CO2 is exchanged for maternal oxygen at the placent –> umbilical veins –> fetus –> ductus venosus (shunts blood from liver tot he heart) –> shunts that prevent blood from entering pulmonary circulation (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus) –> aorta –> extremities, body –> umbilical arteries

39
Q

How does a double aortic arch form?

A

Persistence of both dorsal aortic arches

Considered a type 4 vascular anomaly

40
Q

What is the most common form of VRA?

A

PRAA - retention of 4th aortic arch - rather than the left 4th aortic arch forming the main aortic arch - the right will

41
Q

How does an aberrant right subclavian form?

A

Bi-subclavian trunk - both subclavians have a common origin on the aberrant right aortic arch- the left has to cross over to reach the left side.

ACVR Objectives (18 decks)

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