Chemicals and Toxidromes Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

Material Safety Data Sheets

Answer 1

Required by OSHA to provide guidance to help workers understand hazards and how to handle toxic materials written in a language anyone can understand (no medical lingo)

Question 2

Lead in children will replace what in the body?**

Answer 2

Calcium in their bones

Question 3

Metabolism of fat soluble toxins occurs in the ___, water soluble in the ____

Answer 3

liver, kidneys

Question 4

4 common groups of toxic substances

Answer 4

• solvents
• metals and mineral dusts
• hydrocarbons and pesticides
• inorganic gases

Question 5

Solvents toxidrome exposure

Answer 5

Widely used with many applications and industries including aromatic and halogenated compounds primarily exposed via inhalation and skin absorption

Question 6

Solvent exposure symtpoms (3)

Answer 6

• encephalopathy often acute
• chronic potential progression to dementia
• irritation of skin

Question 7

Benzene solvent affect on body (2)***

Answer 7

Aplastic anemia and acute myelogenous leukemia

Question 8

Carbon tetrachloride affect (1)**

Answer 8

-potent hepatotoxicity

Question 9

Hexanes definition**

Answer 9

A solvent exposure produced by refining of crude oil, formulation of glues for shoes, leather products, and roofing, used in degreasing, forms toxic metabolite

Question 10

Carbon tetrachloride is seen in what specific group?

Answer 10

Scientific research and synthetic chemistry research

Question 11

Methylene chloride definition

Answer 11

Solvent agent used as paint stripper, decaffeinator, and pin aerosol spray or blowing agents for polyurethane foams

Question 12

Carbon disulfide definition

Answer 12

Solvent agent used in shipping containers as a fumigant for pests,

Question 13

Heavy metals definition

Answer 13

Metal of high specific gravity of 5.0 or over, examples include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, etc

Question 14

Arsenic definition

Answer 14

Used as insecticide and herbicide, treatment of lumbar (don’t burn pressure treated lumbar!) occupatinal exposure in smelting of other ores

Question 15

Acute arsenic poisoning signs and symptoms (6)

Answer 15

• metallic taste
• dry mouth
• dysphasia
• rice water stools
• profound vomiting
• bone marrow suppression lasting

Question 16

Chronic arsenic poisoning signs and symptoms (6)

Answer 16

• hyperpigmentation
• cancer
• sensorimotor neropathy
• cirrhosis
• megaloblastic anemia
• mee’s lines

Question 17

Cadmium definition

Answer 17

Heavy metal used in electroplating or alloy batteries, accumulates in the lungs and very slow elimination of up to 33 years

Question 18

Acute cadmium poisoning signs and symptoms (4)

Answer 18

• retrosternal chest pain
• cough
• dyspnea
• recovers in weeks

Question 19

Chronic cadmium poisoning signs and symptoms (5)

Answer 19

• kidney damage seeing proteinuria
• lower back pain
• bone pain
• burning iwth urination
• often in post menopausal women (itai itai disease)

Question 20

What type of chromium is particularly toxic?

Answer 20

Trivalent and hexvalent

Question 21

Lead definition

Answer 21

Heavy metal found in ores used in pipes, painting, ammunition, leaded gasoline, most absorbed thru the lungs some ingested, stays in body very long time particularly if enters bones

Question 22

Plumbism definition

Answer 22

Lead poisoning, brings on variety of symtpoms but particularly focused on the brain such as decreased IQ, cognitive deficits, etc in children

Question 23

Burton’s line

Answer 23

Blue line along the gums with bluish black edging to teeth, strong indicator of chronic lead poisoning

Question 24

Blood lead level indicative of exposure

Answer 24

> 10mcg/dL

Question 25

Mercury definition

Answer 25

Heavy metal liquid that evaporates at room temp and is highly toxic, usually seen in inorganic form in light bulbs, dentistry, battery, medical and scientific equipment

Question 26

Mad hatter's disease

Answer 26

Toxicity due to mercury exposure over time causing paresthesias, vision and hearing impairment, slurred speech, anxiety, hallucinations, irritability, depression, lack of coordination, tremors

Question 27

Mercury poisoning acute effects (2)

Answer 27

- corrosive effects causing nausea, abdomoinal pain | - chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema

Question 28

Mercury poisoning chronic effects (5)****

Answer 28

- mad hatter's disease - tremor - gingivitis - odd behavior (erethism) - minamata disease (neurologic caused by poisoning)

Question 29

Medical management of heavy metal toxicity

Answer 29

-chelation therapy

Question 30

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons definition

Answer 30

Formed from incomplete combustion of coal or oil, exposure increases risk of lung and bladder cancer, seen occupational exposure in gas, iron ad steel foundaries, chimney cleaning, roofing, etc, exposed generally in the environment especially worsened in air pollution

Question 31

Soot wart

Answer 31

Chimney sweeper cancer in children identified as children chimney sweepers who would sweat would find soot trapped in the rugae of the inferior surface of the scrotum developing squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum

Question 32

Organophosphates and carbamates*** definition and signs and symptoms (9)***

Answer 32

- Largest portion of acute systemic insecticide poisonings that act by inhibiting enzyme acetycholinesterase - patient presents with diarrhea and cramping, chest tightness, salivation, blurred vision, urinary incontinence, profuse sweating, bradycardia, muscle twitching and weakness, tremor

Question 33

Organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP)

Answer 33

Characterized by flaccid paralysis of lower limbs

Question 34

Organopohosphate treatment options (2)

Answer 34

- airway protection | - atropine sulfate IV

Question 35

DDT pesticides impact on bald eagles

Answer 35

Causes their shells to become incredibly fragile and often break resulting in near extinction of the bald eagle

Question 36

Pyrethroid pesticides definition and signs and symptoms (4)

Answer 36

- Synthetic versions of pesticides that mediate toxicity via funcitonal changes to sodium channels - salivations, NVD, tremor, seizures

Question 37

How does cyanide and carbon monoxide poison?

Answer 37

Interfere with cellular respiration and o2 transport respectively making them rapidly fatal at sufficient dose

Question 38

Ammonia + bleach

Answer 38

Highly toxic biproduct from reaction between 2 that can cause irritant effect on upper respiratory tract