Chemistry

Question 1

What type of bonds are in maltose?

Answer 1

alpha 1-4

Question 2

What type of bonds are in lactose?

Answer 2

beta 1-4

Question 3

What type of bonds are in sucrose?

Answer 3

alpha-beta 1-2

Question 4

What type of bonds are in cellulose?

Answer 4

beta 1-4

Question 5

What type of bonds are in amylose?

Answer 5

alpha 1-4

Question 6

What type of bonds are in amylopectin?

Answer 6

alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6

Question 7

What type of bonds are in glycogen?

Answer 7

alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6

Question 8

Which has longer branches, amylopectin or glycogen?

Answer 8

Amylopectin

Question 9

Which is more branched, amylopectin or glycogen?

Answer 9

Glycogen

Question 10

Type of bond b/w glycerol & fatty acids?

Answer 10

Ester bond

Question 11

Types of essential fatty acids?

Answer 11

Arachidonic 20:4
Linolenic (Omega-3) 18:3
Linoleic (Omega-6) 18:2
EPA 20:5

Question 12

What molecules are precursors for cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 12

Mevalonate
Acetyl CoA
Squalene
HMG CoA

Question 13

Where are chylomicrons synthesized?

Answer 13

Intestinal mucosa

Question 14

Which lipoproteins have the highest % of triglycerides?

Answer 14

Chylomicrons

Question 15

Which lipoproteins have the lowest % of protein?

Answer 15

VLDLs

Question 16

Which lipoproteins have the highest % of cholesterol?

Answer 16

LDL

Question 17

Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

Answer 17

Mitochondria

Question 18

What transports fatty acids into mitochondria for beta oxidation?

Answer 18

carnitine

Question 19

What are examples of ketone bodies?

Answer 19

Acetoacetate
Acetone
Hydroxybutyrate

Question 20

What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?

Answer 20

Acetyl CoA

Question 21

Where does lipogenesis occur?

Answer 21

Cytoplasm

Question 22

What is the “most important” intermediate of lipogenesis?

Answer 22

Malonyl CoA

Question 23

Which AA’s have an aromatic ring?

Answer 23

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine

Question 24

Which AA’s are basic?

Answer 24

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
“HAL”

Question 25

Which AA's are neutral?

Answer 25

``` Serine Threonine Asparagine Glutamine "STAG" ```

Question 26

Which AA's contain sulfur?

Answer 26

Methionine | Cysteine

Question 27

Which AA's are not glucogenic?

Answer 27

Leucine | Lysine

Question 28

Which AA's are branched?

Answer 28

Leucine Isoleucine Valine

Question 29

Which AA's are acidic?

Answer 29

Glutamate | Aspartate

Question 30

Which AA is a precursor to serotonin?

Answer 30

Tryptophan

Question 31

Which AA is a precursor to GABA?

Answer 31

Glutamate

Question 32

Which AA is a precursor to Histamine?

Answer 32

Histidine

Question 33

Which AA is a precursor to Creatine?

Answer 33

Glycine/arginine

Question 34

Which AA is a precursor to NAD?

Answer 34

Tryptophan

Question 35

Which AA's are lacking in grains?

Answer 35

Lysine Threonin Tryptophan

Question 36

Which AA carries ammonia to the urea cycle?

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

Which 3 AA's donate nitrogen for purines & pyrimidines?

Answer 37

Glutamine Aspartate Asparagine

Question 38

Which 6 AA's is muscle able to oxidize?

Answer 38

``` Glutamate Aspartate Leucine Valine Isoleucine Asparagine GAL VIA ```

Question 39

Which AA takes ammonia & lactate from muscles during exercise to the liver?

Answer 39

Alanine

Question 40

What bond combines AA's to make proteins?

Answer 40

Peptide

Question 41

What vitamin makes TPP?

Answer 41

Thiamine (B1)

Question 42

What vitamin makes FAD, FADH?

Answer 42

Riboflavin (B2)

Question 43

What vitamin makes NAD, NADH?

Answer 43

Niacin (B3)

Question 44

What vitamin makes CoA?

Answer 44

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Question 45

What vitamin makes pyridoxal phosphate?

Answer 45

Pyridoxine (B6)

Question 46

Which B vitamin is Folic Acid?

Answer 46

B9

Question 47

Which B vitamin is cyanocobalamin?

Answer 47

B12

Question 48

What macromineral is a component of bones, co-factor for kinase, needed for glucose breakdown?

Answer 48

Magnesium

Question 49

What micromineral is a constituent of vit B12?

Answer 49

Cobalt

Question 50

Which micromineral is a part of Cytochrome A oxidase (ETC)?

Answer 50

Copper

Question 51

Which micromineral is a cofactor for decarboxylase?

Answer 51

Manganese

Question 52

Which micromineral is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase?

Answer 52

Selenium

Question 53

Which micromineral is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 53

Zinc

Question 54

Where does DNA replication occur?

Answer 54

Nucleus

Question 55

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 55

Nucleolus

Question 56

Where does the Kreb's cycle occur?

Answer 56

Mitochondria

Question 57

What are the products for only ONE turn of the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 57

2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP/ATP

Question 58

What is the electron acceptor in the ETC?

Answer 58

Oxygen (forms water)

Question 59

What is the total ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 59

36 (or 38) Kreb's = 30 ATP Glycerol-3-phosphate shunt = 4 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP

Question 60

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 60

Cytosol

Question 61

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 61

Cytoplasm & mitochondria of liver

Question 62

Where does glycogenesis occur?

Answer 62

Cytoplasm of liver & muscle

Question 63

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

Answer 63

Cytoplasm of liver & muscle

Question 64

Where does lipogenesis, lipolysis, & cholesterol synthesis occur?

Answer 64

Liver

Question 65

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur?

Answer 65

Cytosol

Question 66

This is when the charge of an AA or protein is zero

Answer 66

Isoelectric point

Question 67

Legumes are missing what AA?

Answer 67

Methionine

Question 68

Sugars that differ in configuration at a single asymmetric center

Answer 68

Epimers

Question 69

Molecules that are mirror images

Answer 69

Enantiomers

Question 70

Atoms bonded in the same order but differ in precise orientation

Answer 70

Stereoisomers

Question 71

An enzyme + cofactor is called what?

Answer 71

Holoenzyme

Question 72

An enzyme w/o a cofactor is called what?

Answer 72

Apoenzyme

Question 73

These regulate the rate of enzyme synthesis

Answer 73

Steroids

Question 74

This is a protein that becomes an active enzyme when parts are removed

Answer 74

Zymogen

Question 75

An area on the enzyme where a compound may bind & change the rate of activity

Answer 75

Allosteric site

Question 76

What AA is the precursor to epinephrine?

Answer 76

Tyrosine

Question 77

What is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas (tail)?

Answer 77

Insulin

Question 78

What is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, but has the opposite effect of insulin?

Answer 78

Glucagon