Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What secondary vesicles are derived from the proencephalon?
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
2
Q
What secondary vesicle is derived from the mesencephalon?
A
Mesencephalon (duh!)
3
Q
What secondary vesicles are derived from the rhombencephalon?
A
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
4
Q
What is derived from the telencephalon?
A
Cortices
Basal ganglion
5
Q
What is derived from the diencephalon?
A
Thalamus
6
Q
What is derived from the mesencephalon?
A
Midbrain
7
Q
What is derived from the Metencephalon?
A
Pons
Cerebellum
8
Q
What is derived from the myelencephalon?
A
Medulla Oblongata
9
Q
What develops from the foregut?
A
back of throat to 1st 1/3rd of duodenum
10
Q
What develops from the midgut?
A
Last 2/3rd of duodenum to 1st 2/3rd of transverse colon
11
Q
What develops from the hindgut?
A
Last 1/3rd of transverse colon to anus
12
Q
What does the gubernaculum develop into in males & females?
A
Males: Scrotal lig. AKA gubernacular testis
Females: Suspensory lig. of ovary, ovarian lig. & round lig.
13
Q
Only special sense to bypass the thalamus?
A
Sense of smell
14
Q
What do pacinion receptors sense?
A
Vibration
15
Q
What do Ruffini receptors sense?
A
Temperature
16
Q
What do Meissners/merkel receptors sense?
A
Touch
17
Q
What functions are the medulla & pons assoc. w/?
A
Vasomotor
Cardiac centers
Autonomics
CN 5-12
18
Q
What functions are the midbrain assoc. w/?
A
Reflexes to light & sound
Prox. flexor relay
Motoric relay
CN 3 & 4
19
Q
What functions is the thalamus assoc. w/?
A
Relay station
Sensory fibers
20
Q
What function is the pulvinar region of the thalalmus assoc. w/?
A
Integration of sensory information
21
Q
What is the ventral posteromedial (VPM) of the thalamus assoc. w/?
A
Sensory from face
22
Q
What is the ventral posterolateral (VPL) of the thalamus assoc. w/?
A
Sensory from arms & legs
23
Q
What is the lat. geniculate of the thalamus assoc w/?
A
Sensory from eyes
24
Q
What is the med. geniculate of the thalamus assoc. w?
A
Sensory from ears
25
What is the parietal lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Localization "somesthetic cortex"
Brodman 1,2,3
Abstraction, problem solving
26
What is the occipital lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Sight
27
What is the temporal lobe of the cerebrum assoc. w/?
Sup lobe: Hearing
Middle lobe: Short term memory
Inf. lobe: Long term memory, smell
28
The foramen ovale becomes what and is located where?
Fossa ovalis; interatrial septum
29
The ductus arteriosus bypasses ____ & becomes ____?
Bypasses lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum
30
The ductus venosus bypasses ____ & becomes ____?
Bypasses the sinusoids of fetal liver; becomes ligamentum venosum
31
The umbilical vein becomes _____?
Ligatmentum teres (Round lig.)
32
The umbilical arteries become ____?
Medial umbilical ligaments
33
What is the Urachus?
Remnant of duct of allantois
34
Type of cells that gives rise to astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
Glioblast
35
Most numerous cell of CNS?
Astrocytes
36
Cells that form myelin in CNS?
Oligodendrocyte
37
Type of cell that lines CNS, ciliated, makes "leaky" barrier b/w CSF & CNS?
Ependymal
38
Microglia are AKA?
Gitterzellen
39
Type of cell that makes neurons?
Neuroblast
40
Commissural fibers connect what?
B/w 2 hemispheres
41
Association fibers connect what?
Different parts, same hemisphere
42
Projection fibers connect what?
Different parts, same hemisphere
43
The lateral ventricles are separated by what?
septum pellucidum
44
The foramen of Monroe (aka interventric foramen) connects what ventricles?
1&2 to 3rd ventricle
45
M/C location for a cerebral vascular accident?
Middle cerebral artery
46
Makes up 90% of cortex
Neocortex
47
Makes up 10% of cortex
Allocortex
48
This vesicle is mostly formed by the thalamus
Diencephalon
49
This produces CSF
Choroid Plexus
50
This reabsorbs CSF
Arachnoid granulations
51
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
52
What level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1 (L1/L2)
53
What is the resting membrane potential in muscle? neuron?
85-90mV; 65-70mV
54
Type of inhibitory neurotransmitter of spine? Brain?
Spine = Glycine; Brain = GABA
55
This allows for CSF exchange b/w the 3rd & 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
56
What are the gray matter neuron cell types?
```
Purkinje (M/C)
Golgi II
Stellate
Basket
Granular
```
57
What are the cerebellar nuclei, from med. to lat., small to large?
Fastigial (Flowers)
Globus (Grow)
Emboliform (Every)
Dentate (Day)
58
This is located at the junction of the parietal, occipital, & temporal lobe. Involved w/ interpretation/sensory matching.
Wernicke's area
59
The striatum is composed of what?
Putamen & caudate
60
The lentiform is composed of what?
Globus pallidus and putamen
61
This is involved w/ hunger, thirst, temp. regulation, sex, rage, fear?
Hypothalamus
62
This is involved w/ balance, equilibrium, involuntary coordination, unconscious proprioception?
Cerebellum
63
Brain waves assoc. w/ quiet, meditation. Disappear in sleep.
Alpha waves
64
Brain waves assoc. w/ intense mental activity, REM sleep.
Beta waves
65
Brain waves assoc. w/ deep sleep or coma?
Delta waves
66
Brain waves that are normal in children, abnormal in adults (stress, suicidal)
Theta waves
67
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Precise & skilled voluntary movement
68
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
inhibit or facilitate voluntary movement
69
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Reflex postural movement to visual stimuli
70
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors
71
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Facilitates extensors & inhibits flexors
72
What is the alar plates (dorsal) assoc. w/, motor or sensory?
Sensory
73
What are basal plates (ventral) assoc. w/, motor or sensory?
Motor
74
What is the function of the lat. spinothalamic tract?
Pain & temp.
75
What are the functions of the ant. spinothalamic tract?
"Protopathic" is defensive to pain, temp
| Crude light touch
76
What functions are the dorsal columns assoc. w/?
2-point discrimination, vibration, & conscious proprioception
77
What is the function of the Pos. spinocerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception
78
What is the function of the ant. spinocerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception
79
What function is the spinotectal tract (spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott) assoc. w/?
Spino visual reflexes
80
What is the function of the spinoreticular tract?
Levels of consciousness
81
The Great Cerebral vein of Galen drains into what sinus?
Straight sinus
82
The Superior Cerebral vein drains into what sinus?
Superior sagittal sinus
83
Damage to middle meningeal artery causes what type of hemorrhage?
Epidural hemorrhage
84
Damage to the venous system of the brain causes what type of hemorrhage?
Subdural hemorrhage
85
A beri aneurysm (circle of Willis) causes what type of hemorrhage?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
86
The Lateral Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Musculocutaneous
| Median
87
The Posterior Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Axillary
| Radial
88
The Medial Cord of the brachial plexus makes what branches?
Median
| Ulnar
89
What is the smallest cranial nerve?
Trochlear
90
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal
91
Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?
III, VII, IX, X (90% of body)
92
What foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
Foramen spinosum
93
What foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through?
Foramen lacerum
94
Injury to the pterion can cause damage to what artery?
Middle meningeal artery
95
Info to the cortex travels via which peduncle?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
96
Info back to the cerebellum from the cortex travels via which peduncle?
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
97
Info from the spinal cord/body travels to the cerebellum via which peduncle?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
98
The midbrain connects to which peduncle?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
99
The pons connect to which peduncle?
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
100
The medulla connects to which peduncle?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
101
The posterior portion of the midbrain that contains the sup. & inf. colliculi is what?
Tectum
102
The ant. & pos. chambers of the eye are filled w/ what?
Aqueous humor
103
The post. cavity (lens to retina) of the eye is filled w/ what?
Vitreous humor
104
What makes aqueous humor in the eye?
Ciliary epithelium in ciliary bodies
105
M/C cause of blindness in the elderly?
Macular degeneration
106
This helps maintain static equilibrium in the ear
Utricle
107
This is the functional part of the utricle. Assoc. w/ linear acceleration (car or elevator)
Macula/Saccula
108
This is assoc. w/ detecting angular acceleration (roller coaster) in the ear
Semicircular canals
109
This is the dilation of the semicircular canals in the ear. Contains crystals.
Crista ampularis
110
What produces muscosa required to smell?
Bowman's gland
111
This type of joint is immovable
Synarthrosis
112
3 types of synarthrosis joints
Syndesmosis
Synostosis
Gomphosis
113
Interosseous membrane (tib/fib & radio-ulnar) is what type joint?
Syndesmosis
114
Sutures of skull are what type of joint?
Synostosis
115
Teeth are what type of joint?
Gomphosis
116
What is a slightly moveable joint?
Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous)
117
Epiphyseal plates, hyaline cartilage is what type of joint?
Synchondrosis
118
The IVD, pubic symphysis, & fibrocartilage are what types of joints?
Symphysis joints
119
2 types of amphiarthrosis joints
Synchondrosis
| Symphysis
120
This is a freely movable joint
Diathrosis (synovial)
121
The cubital/humer-ulnar joint, mortis joint are what type of joint?
Hinge/Ginglymus
122
The atlas/axis, prox. radio-ulnar joint are what type of joint?
Pivot/Trochoid
123
Radiocarpal, MCP, TMJ, knee (modified) are examples of what type of joint?
Ovoid/Condlymus
124
The thumb & sternoclavicular joint are examples of what type of joint?
Saddle/sellar
125
Facets, AC joint, inter-carpal & -tarsal joints are examples of what type of joint?
Gliding
126
The coxafemoral joint & glenohumeral joint are examples of what type of joint?
Ball & socket/spheroidal
127
The perpendicular articulation of the ethmoid & vomer is what type of joint?
Schindylesis
128
Pathological fusion is known as?
Ankylosis
129
Surgical fusion is known as?
Arthrodesis
130
Congenital fusion is known as?
Coalition
131
Normal fusion in growth is known as?
Synchondrosis
132
This covers a nerve fiber
Endoneurium
133
This covers a nerve fascicle
Perineurium
134
This covers a peripheral nerve
Epineurium
135
How many primary ossification centers are there in the typical vertebrae?
3 primary (1 in body, 1 in each arch)
136
How many secondary ossification centers are in a typical vertebrae?
5 (1 in tip of SP, 2 in TVPs, 2 in annular ring epiphyses)
| Lumbars have 2 extra for mamillary processes
137
Where the manubrium & sternum meet is known as what?
Angle of Louis
138
What part of the sacrum is analogous to the spinous process?
Median crest
139
The hyoid bone is at what spinal level?
C-3
140
The cornu of the thyroid is at what spinal level?
C-4
141
The body of the thyroid is at what spinal level?
C-5
142
The cricoid cartilage is at what spinal level?
C-6
143
The carotid tubercle is at what spinal level?
C-6
144
How many atypical vertebra are in adults?
9
145
What is the lowest spinal level the vertebral artery is found?
C-6
146
The joints of (von) Luska are found b/w what spinal levels?
C2-C6
147
Which artery traverse through the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery
148
Which nerve traverses through the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital
149
Name the sup., lat. border of the suboccipital triangle
Sup. oblique capitus
150
Name the med. border of the suboccipital triangle
Rectus Capitis Posticus Major
151
Name the inf., lat. border of the suboccipital triangle
Inf. oblique capitus
152
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ ant., general muscle tone?
Paleocerebellar
153
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ coordination of skilled movements?
Neocerebellar
154
What part of the cerebellum is assoc. w/ equilibrium?
Archicerebellar (Flocculonodular)
155
What branches come from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous
| Median (1/2)
156
What branches come from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Axillary
| Radial
157
What branches come from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Median (1/2)
| Ulnar
158
What artery supplies blood to the anterior 2/3rd of the spinal cord?
Ant. spinal artery
159
What artery supplies blood to the pos. 1/3rd of the spinal cord?
Pos. spinal artery
