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Vet Nursing > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.

1
Q

How many s.f. Does 750 have?

A

At least 2 s.f

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2
Q

How many s.f. Does 3000 have?

A

At least 1

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3
Q

If multiplying and adding, what rule do you apply first?

A

First you apply least d.p when you get the answer for the first line, then least s.f when you do the last line

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4
Q

What is the formula for density? And give units for each component of the formula

A

D(g/ml) = m (g) / v (ml)

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5
Q

What is 1 amu equal to?

A

1.6605 x 10^-24 g

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6
Q

How would you write an element in isotopic notation?

A

(A) atomic mass. Symbol(Z) atomic number.

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7
Q

How do you calculate avg. amu?

A

% E(1) x eamu (1) + % E (2) x eamu (2)Ex: 92.58%(/100) x 7.016 amu + 7.42% (/100) x 6.015 = 6.941 amu

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8
Q

What is the charge of nucleus?

A

+ protons

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9
Q

What is the net charge?

A

Neutral or +/- if anion

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10
Q

What happens if your grams of an element have the same amu?

A

Then the answer will be 6.022 x 10^23 (1 mol of substance)

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11
Q

How do you calculate mass of an element in the periodic table?

A

0.100g Al x 1 amu. X 1 atom al ———- ——— 1.6605 x 10^-24g. 26.1895(pt)= 2.30 x 10^21 atoms al

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12
Q

What are positive ions called?

A

Cations

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13
Q

What are negative ions called?

A

Anions

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14
Q

What are anions and cations both considered?

A

Salts

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15
Q

Where are cations found?

A

Left of stairs

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16
Q

What is ionic composition?

A

K . + o …… ▶️ 2K + O ^2-

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17
Q

What is an example of ionic formulation?

A

O ^2-

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18
Q

Give an example of ionic formula?

A

k2o

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19
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.022 x^23

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20
Q

What are ionic compounds

A

Metal plus nonmetals. Transfer of electrons

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21
Q

What are molecular compounds

A

Nonmetals plus nonmetals. Sharing of electrons

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22
Q

What are organic metallic compounds

A

Transition metals plus organic molecules

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23
Q

In a single bond how many electrons are shared

A

Two electrons

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24
Q

In a double bond how many electrons are shared

A

4 electrons

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25
Q

In a triple bond how many electrons are shared

A

Six electrons

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26
Q

What does nonpolar mean

A

Electrons are equally shared

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27
Q

What does polar mean

A

Electrons are unequally shared. Favors one element

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28
Q

Where does the dipole moment arrow point to

A

The more polar element

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29
Q

What is NH4

A

Ammonium ion

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30
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

Addition of H2 on the C=C double bond

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31
Q

What is hydrogenation of a CC triple bond

A

Addition of two H2 on Carbon carbon triple bond

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32
Q

What is hydrohalegenation

A

Addition of a CL2 or BR2

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33
Q

What does least substituted mean

A

Smallest amount of CH3 on that side

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34
Q

What is the anti-Newman projection

A

180° from each other. One, four position

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35
Q

What is the most stable version

A

Chair confirmation

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36
Q

What are conformers

A

Same Molecular formula, same bond connections, is not a result of a rotation

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37
Q

What is an isomer

A

Same molecular formula

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38
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different order of bond connections

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39
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

Same molecular formula same bond connections unequal spatial arrangements

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40
Q

What is a diastereoisomer

A

CIs vs trans alkenes

41
Q

What are Entaniomers

A

Requires Carol c atom. Same molecular formula, same bond connections, non-superimposable mirror images

42
Q

What does carboxylic acid plus amine equal. What is this reaction called

A

Amide plus h20. Amide

43
Q

What does carboxylic acid plus alcohol equal and what is this reaction called

A

Ester plus H2O. The reaction is called esterification

44
Q

What does ester plus H2O equal. And what is the reaction called

A

Carboxylic acid plus alcohol. Reaction is called hydrolysis of Ester

45
Q

What does amide plus H2O equal and what is the reaction called

A

Carboxylic acid plus ammonium ion plus H2O. Reaction is called hydrolysis of amide

46
Q

What does ester plus MOH equal and what is it called

A

Alcohol plus Moate salt. Reaction is called saponification of esters

47
Q

What does amide plus MOH equal and what is the reaction called

A

Metal oate plus amine. Reaction is called saponification of amides

48
Q

What is fructose considered

A

Ketohexosis

49
Q

What are the three disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

50
Q

What is maltose made out of

A

The combination of Alpha D-glucose plus alpha/beta D-glucose.

51
Q

How is a Glycosidic link named

A

Named using position of first sugar unit and oxygen bridge

52
Q

What is lactose made up of

A

Beta D galactose plus alpha/beta D-glucose

53
Q

What is sucrose made up of

A

Alpha D-glucose plus Beta D fructose

54
Q

Where do ester links occur

A

Occur between carbon oxygen bonds And phosphate oxygen bonds

55
Q

What are anhydrides

A

Occur when two moles of carboxylic acids come together by pushing arrows. They bond together. If two of the carboxylic acids are the same they are considered symmetrical anhydrides.

56
Q

How does the conjugate base form end

A

Ends with a negative O

57
Q

How does the conjugate acid form end

A

Ends with an acidic H plus

58
Q

What are saturated fats

A

Fats from animal sources

59
Q

What are unsaturated fats

A

Fats from plant sources

60
Q

What are triglycerides

A

One mole glycerol +3 moles Fatty acids

61
Q

What are the four saturated fatty acids. From animal fats. No Carbon carbon double bond

A

Lauric c12Myristic c14Palmitic c16Stearic c18

62
Q

What are the four polyunsaturated fatty acids and how many double bonds have

A

Oleic c18;1Linoleic c18;2Linolenic c18;3Arachidonic c20;4

63
Q

Where is the double bond in oleic acid. What omega is it

A

Is at nine. It is an Omega nine fatty acid

64
Q

Where is the double bond in linoleic acid. What omega is it

A

9,12. It is omega 6

65
Q

Where are the double bonds in linolenic acid and what omega is it

A

9,12,15 and it is an omega 3

66
Q

Where are the double bonds for arachodonic acid.

A

5,8,11,14

67
Q

What is partial hydrogenation

A

Adding 4H2 when you have seven CC bonds. Only breaks four double bonds

68
Q

Describe triglycerides with more Saturated fatty acids

A

Harder to digest plus rigid structure organized in sheets. Hard to oxidize

69
Q

Describe triglycerides with more monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Easier to digest due to pie component

70
Q

What is a free radical

A

A Carcinogenic Carbon attempts to find electron by breaking bonds that normally would not be broken

71
Q

What is lecithin

A

Used as an emulsifier in food industry

72
Q

What are the two types of triaglycerials

A

Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipid

73
Q

What are they hydrophilic intramolecular interactions

A

Hydrogen bonds, salt bridge, ionic attraction, disulfide bonds, dipole interactions

74
Q

What are the hydrophobic intermolecular interactions

A

Wan de waolsLondon dispersion forces

75
Q

What is the composition of the cell membrane

A

60% protein25% phospholipids10% cholesterol (maintain structure)5% sphingolipids

76
Q

What is a zwitterion

A

Neutral dipolar ion with one positive charge and one negative charge

77
Q

What is the isoelectric point

A

PH value

78
Q

What is the basic form

A

With the acidic H removed

79
Q

What is the acidic form

A

Has an acidic H on carboxylate group

80
Q

Where is the ester link found

A

Next to carbon oxygen double bond

81
Q

Where is the amido bond found

A

Next to NH2

82
Q

Summarize the total serum cholesterol lab

A

Cholesterol is a fat like substance which is found in blood, bile, brain tissue. The function of cholesterol itself is uncertain but is used in the body to synthesize bio acids, sex hormones, vitamin D3. Total cholesterol includes cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Increased cholesterol values may be found in diabetes nephroptosis obstructive jaundice or hypothyroidism. Decreased values may be found in hyperthyroidism severe infections and intestinal obstructions. The normal value for cholesterol esters is 70% of total cholesterol.

83
Q

Summarize the potato lab

A

Polyphenyl oxidase is a copper containing enzyme with the optimum pH of six or seven. Catalyzes the oxidation of di and trihydroxyphenols to the corresponding quinones. Ie browning.

84
Q

Summarize the urine lab

A

Urine is in excretory product of the kitty consisting of many waste products of metabolism dissolved in water. The average adult excretes between a leader and a leader and a half of urine each day. It is slightly acidic. The following inorganic ions are present in urine bicarbonate chloride phosphate sulfate ammonium potassium and sodium. The most abundant organic compounds in urine is creatinine, urea and uric acid. Creatinine is produced during muscular activity, urea is the end product of proteins cannibalism and uric acid results from nucleic acid breakdown.

85
Q

What is a drug

A

Any substance that alters body function when it is introduced from an external source

86
Q

What is an agonist

A

A substance that interacts with the receptor to cause or prolong the receptors normal Biomechanical response

87
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A substance that blocks or inhibits the normal biochemical response of the receptor

88
Q

What is passive transport

A

Movement of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

89
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of substances across the cell membrane with the assistance of energy

90
Q

What are integral proteins

A

A protein permanently attached to the biological membranes

91
Q

What are prereferral proteins

A

Proteins that attach onto integral proteins temporarily

92
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

Same osmolarity

93
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

Having an osmolarity less than the surrounding blood plasma or cells

94
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

Having an osmolarity greater than the surrounding blood plasma or cells

95
Q

What does osmosis mean

A

The passage of solvent through semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations

96
Q

What does osmotic pressure mean

A

The amount of external pressure applied to the more concentrated solution to halt the passage of solvent molecules across the semipermeable membrane

97
Q

What is dialysis

A

Dialysis similar to osmosis except that the pores in a dialysis membrane are larger than those in an osmotic membrane so both solvent molecules and small solid particles can pass through but large particles such as proteins cannot pass

98
Q

What percentage of your daily calories should be coming from fats and oils

A

30%

99
Q

What percentage of daily calories should come from saturated fat

A

10%

Vet Nursing (27 decks)

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