Laboratory Animals Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal. (500 cards)
1
Q
What is the ACC oversee
A
Checks for good animal practice. Checks for the CCAC certification of good animal practice. Enforces the three R program
2
Q
What are the 3Rs
A
Replacement, refinement, reduction
3
Q
What does Calas do
A
Improves the standards of practice is enhance animal welfare. Have a national and regional chapter. Also have a registry board exam to be a certified Lab animal technician
4
Q
What does calam do
A
Concerns veterinarians in lab animal settings
5
Q
What does aaalac do
A
Similar to CCAC. Accreditation program in the USA. It is international although based in USA
6
Q
What does aalas do
A
Similar to calas
7
Q
What does aclam do
A
Similar to calam. For vets
8
Q
Describe in vitro preclinical testing
A
In cultures
9
Q
Describe in vivo preclinical testing
A
Preclinical testing on live animals
10
Q
What is the purpose of preclinical testing
A
Done for safety, efficacy. Required to test on 2 species. Ie: 1 rodent, 1 rabbit
11
Q
Where do you do new drug submissions in the USA
A
At the fda
12
Q
Where are the new drug submissions done in Canada
A
Health Canada
13
Q
What is gcp
A
Good clinical practice
14
Q
What should the gcp do
A
Should be observed in the conduct of all human drug investigations
15
Q
What is the first phase of the clinical trial
A
20-100 healthy candidates. Assesses safety and dosage
16
Q
What is phase 2 of clinical trials
A
On larger groups 20-300. Tested on people who have the disease. Evaluate for side effects and efficacy.
17
Q
What is phase 3 of the clinical trial
A
Multicenter trials, randomized controlled studies
18
Q
What happens if phase 1-3 is successful
A
All data is submitted to the regulatory authorities (nds). Once accepted there is still a phase 4
19
Q
What is phase 4 of the clinical trial
A
Monitoring to check for side effects
20
Q
What is glp
A
Good laboratory practice relating to non clinical research. Instituted by fda in early 1970. Establishes safety in non clinical studies: food and color additives, drugs, medical devices, pesticides
21
Q
What does the glp regulate
A
All the methods that must be used to conduct preclinical trials including documentation of data
22
Q
What is certified food
A
Food is made without contaminates, then checked for metal, antibiotics
23
Q
Why do we follow glp
A
Assure quality of research for fda.
24
Q
How do you ensure glp is followed
A
Hire a QA unit to monitor, study, and they report to upper management.
25
What are the 2 duties of QA
1. Monitor the study to ensure compliance with glp regulations 2. Perform inspections to ensure compliance with protocol and sop
26
What is the sop used for
Standard operating procedures. We use it to establish consistency
27
What does the CCAC or or CCPA oversee
Oversees the ethical use of animals in science in Canada
28
What is gnotobiotic
All the life is known in these animals
29
What is axenic
Germ free animals
30
What is defined microbially associated animals
Animals injected with specific flora (derived from axenic)
31
What is barrier maintained animals
Free from pathogens: high security
32
Monitored animals
Less rigorous monitoring than barrier maintained, may have some pathogens but no major ones
33
What is conventional
The opposite of gnotobiotic and barrier maintained animals
34
what is specific pathogen free
Not free of all pathogens, just specific ones. Can include vaf. Population is regularly checked to ensure status
35
What is virus antibody free
Free of all viruses
36
What is outbred stock
Avoid inbreeding, mating of individuals as unrelated as possible. Increase heterozygous status. Kept in closed colonies of > 4 generation
37
What is an inbred strain
Minimum of 20 consecutive brother sister matings. Virtually identical to all other of the same strain
38
F1 hybrid
Cross two inbred strains. Goals: known genetics with hybrid strengths
39
Coisogenic
Two strains differing only by one gene. Arise from either a single mutation or by knock out technology. Mutation strain maintained separate from original inbred strain
40
Congenic
Two strains differing only by one gene. Accomplished by breeding rather than as a result of mutation
41
Transgenic
Intentional insertion of dna. To have an animal model to study specific diseases
42
What is knockout
Intentional blockage of a normal gene. Causes a disease to occur
43
What does a colon mean after the name
Means inbred
44
What does / mean
Outbred
45
What are the short term adverse effects of removing too much blood
Hypovolemic shock, long crt, cold extremities, weak pulse, tachycardia
46
What are long term effects of removing too much blood
Anemia (exercise intolerance, pale mm)
47
How do you calculate estimated circulating blood volume in mice
Percent body weight in grams. Equivalents in milliliters per kilogram. Effects of obesity and age. 6% body weight equals 60 ML/KG. BW
48
What is a safe amount to draw of blood every four weeks
15% of body weight
49
What is a safe amount to draw up of blood every two weeks
10% bodyweight
50
What is the safe amount of blood to draw up every week
7.5% of body weight
51
What is the safe amount of blood to draw up everyday
1%
52
What is the scientific name of the rat
Rattus norvegicus
53
What is the origin of the rat
Asia and Europe
54
What are the outbred stocks of the Rats
Wistar, sprague-dawley, long Evans
55
What are the inbred stocks of the rats
Fischer, Lewis, brown Norway, Buffalo
56
Describe the behaviour of a rat
Docile, rarely bites, adaptive to new surroundings, sensitive to sounds, vibrations. Often returns to cage if escapes. Very easily tamed and trained. Rarely fight, coprophagic, nocturnal, burrowing, communal. Omnivores
57
What is the tail of the rat used for
Balance and thermoregulation
58
Describe the digestive tract of a rat
Hind gut fermenter.
59
What is brown fat used for in the rat
Does thermogenesis to produce heat.
60
What is special about mammary glands in male rats
Males have the glands but no nipples
61
What is the hibernating organ
The brown fat between shoulder blades
62
How many teeth do rats have
16
63
What can rats be a model of with the digestive system
Model for tooth decay studies
64
What are the two portions of a rat stomach
Glandular and non glandular
65
What is the glandular portion of the rats stomach used for
Digestion
66
What is the non glandular portion of the rats stomach for
Holds food
67
What is the stomach fold called in the rats
Limiting ridge
68
Can rats vomit ?
No they can't
69
What are the three organs of the rats digestive system
Caecum, pancreas, liver.
70
What is special about a rats digestive system ?
They don't have a gallbladder
71
What is special about a rats heart
It has Os Cordis.
72
What is Os Cordis
A bone in the heart around the aortic valve
73
Describe the female reproductive tract of a rat
Bicornate uterusVagina is completely superstar from urethra
74
What are the 6 accessory sex glands in a rat
Preputial glandsProstateVesicular glands Coagulating glands Bulbourethral glandsDuctus deferens glands
75
Describe the reproductive tract of the male rat
Open inguinal canal. Os penis. Larger genital papilla than female. Multiple accessory glands: 6 types
76
What does the vesicular and coagulating gland do in males
Makes the copulatory plug
77
What age is sexual maturity of the rat
6-8 wk
78
How long is breeding season for a rat
Year long
79
what is the length of the estrus cycle in a rat
4-5 days
80
How long is estrus in a rat
9-20hrs
81
How long is the duration of gestation in a rat
21-23 days
82
At what age are rats weaned
21 days
83
Is there the whitten effect in rats
Yes
84
Is there the Bruce effect in rats
No
85
How large is the litter size of rats
6-12
86
Describe rats eyes
Poor eyesight. No color vision. Harderian gland behind eye gives porphyrin production
87
Describe the lungs of the rat
5 lobes. 4 on right, 1 on left.
88
Describe the sense of rats
Better sense of smell than humans. Hear in ultrasonic range
89
Describe thermoregulation techniques in a rat
They don't pant. And have no sweat gland
90
How long is the life span of a rat
2.5-3.5yr
91
What is the scientific name of the mouse
Mus musculus
92
When was the first scientific experimentation on the mouse
19th century.
93
What are the outbred stocks of mouse
Swiss, Swiss Webster, institute of cancer research
94
Describe mice
Social. Bite if handled roughly. Fight often. They barber. sensitive to sounds, vibrations. Omnivores
95
What type of mice have seizures with loud sound
Dba mice
96
Describe mammary glands in female mice
5 pairs in females. Have a very extensive distribution on the animal. can often have mammary tumours n
97
Do mice have sweat glands
No
98
Do mice have a gall bladder
Yes they do
99
Describe spleen size in mice
Larger in males than females
100
Describe the reproductive system of a mouse
Bicornuate. Copulatory plug
101
Describe the male reproductive system of a mouse
Open inguinal canal. Os penis. Larger genital papilla. Multiple sex accessory organs
102
What is the whitten effect
Synchronization of females if males is removed
103
What is the Bruce effect
A recently bred female will abort if they smell a strange male
104
Is the Bruce effect present in mice
Yes
105
Is the whitten effect present in mice
Yes
106
What is the scientific name of the rabbit
Ortyctolagus cuniculus
107
What are the two most popular types of rabbits used for laboratory use
New Zealand White
108
Describe behaviour of rabbits
Generally timid, non aggressive. curious bit easily startled. Some aggressive or defensive behaviour. High Pitched scream. Toilet trainable, can be housed together.
109
What is the dental formula of a rabbit
2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3. Malocclusion issues + also need to trim peg teeth.
110
Describe the stomach of a rabbit
Glandular like, cannot vomit.
111
Describe the cecum of a rabbit
extremely important, cecal appendix.
112
Where is the sacculus rotundus located
between the ileum and cecum
113
What is the sacculus rotundus
important lymphoid tissue.
114
what is the colon
has sacculation: groves that increase surface area.
115
Describe the daytime feces of a rabbit
dry. Composition: indigestible fibers
116
Describe the nighttime feces of a rabbit
moist (cecotroph). Composed of B vitamins, water, nitrogen
117
Describe the urine of rabbits
Color variance due to whats eaten. Turbidity is due to high amount of crystals. Alkaline pH.
118
Describe the muscoskeletal system of a rabbit
High amount of muscle mass but very light bones. 7% of BW is skeleton
119
Describe the mammary glands of rabbits
8-10. Distribution: from neck to inguinal region.
120
Do male rabbits have nipples?
No
121
Describe the eyes of a rabbit
Third eyelid is developed. Harderian glands are located behind eyes.
122
What are the common issues with rabbits eyes
Cherry eye
123
Where is the location of the scent glands in rabbits
In inguinal pouch. On either side of vagina/penis.
124
What is the scent gland used for in the rabbit
Used to mark territory.
125
What else can rabbits used besides the scent glands to mark their territory
their chin
126
What is the dewlap found and what can it cause
Mostly in females, can cause moist dermatitis.
127
What are the functions of the ears
thermoregulation (vascular), auditory, sensitive
128
Describe the Hematopoietic system
Neutrophil (psuedoneutrophils or heterophils) (20-35%). Eosinophil: 0-4%
129
Describe the reproductive system of a female rabbit
Bicornuate and double cervix.
130
Describe the reproductive system of a male rabbit
open inguinal canal. Scrotum is cranial to the penis. Testis descend at 12 weeks
131
Describe the estrus cycle length of a rabbit
induced ovulator
132
When is ovulation in a rabbit
9-13 hours post coitus (~10hrs)
133
How long is the gestation of the rabbit
29-35 days
134
When are rabbits weaned
4-6 weeks
135
When do rabbits need to nurse
1x/day (3-4 mins/day)
136
What can you use for milk replacement in the rabbit
Kitten forumla
137
What is the lifespan of a rabbit
5-7 years
138
What is the normal bodyweight of a rabbit (f/m)
2-6/2-5kg
139
What is the normal body temperature range for a rabbit
38.5-40.0*c
140
What is needed for husbandry of the rabbit
need to give food enrichment: greens, hay. Suspended or plastic cages
141
Where are guinea pigs originated
south america
142
What are the english variety (outbred)
duncan-hartleyhartley** both albinos
143
What are the abyssinian variety (outbred)
short; rough-hair arranged in rosettes
144
what are the peruvian variety (outbred)
long hair
145
What are the inbred guinea pigs
several strains
146
describe the behavior of guinea pigs
docile, rarely bite or scratch, climb + jump rarely. produce a variety of vocalizations. develop rigid habits (that can lead to anorexia), easily excited by noise, changes, coprophagic, communal, messy
147
describe a guinea pigs feet
4 toes on forelimb, 3 toes on hindlimb
148
Describe the mammary gland of guinea pigs
have only one pair of nipples in inguinal areamammary tissue only in females
149
how many offspring can a guinea pig nurse at one time
2
150
how may pups can a guinea pig have
up to 5
151
what are precocious pups
can eat right away
152
Describe the oral cavity of a guinea pig
dental formula: 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3Open rooted and continiously eruptmalocclusion possible with the premolars
153
Describe the stomach of a guinea pig
all glandular like rat
154
describe the cecum of the guinea pig
very large and located on the left. be careful when doing IP and inject on the right. Divided into pouches
155
describe the colon of the rat
very long.allows for better reabsorption of water.
156
describe the auditory system of the rat
large tympanic bullae. sx approach easy. sensitive hearing. used in otology research and ototoxicity drugs.
157
describe the respiratory system of the rat
bronchioles are extremely reactive: respiratory anaphylaxis
158
describe the hematology of a rat
neutrophils: heterophils as in the rabbitkurloff cells: mononuclear cells; proliferates under the influence of estrogen.lymphocytes: the majority of WBC
159
Describe the urology of the guinea pig
urine is alkaline, opaque, creamy, yellow, and contains crystals
160
what is the lifespan of the guinea pig
4-5 yrs
161
what is the normal body weight of a guinea pig. f/m
700-900/900-1200g
162
describe the reproductive tract of the female guinea pig (sow)
bicornuate uterusy shaped genital-anal openingvaginal membrane (opens only during estrus and parturition)
163
Describe the reproductive tract of the male guinea pig (boar)
open inguinal canal where testes are located.os penisexposed penis has two prongs at tipseveral accessory sex glandslarge seminal vessicles that extend 10cm into the abdominal cavity from the pubis.
164
What is the estrus cycle length of the guinea pig
15-17 days
165
what is the estrus length in the guinea pig
8-11hours
166
what is the duration of gestation in a guinea pig
59-72 days
167
What is the average litter size of a guinea pig
2-5
168
what is the normal weight at birth of a guinea pig
70-100g
169
when are guinea pigs weaned
14-21d
170
if the sow is to be bred, her first litter has to be when
before 7 months
171
how do you house guinea pigs
large shoebox cage with bedding (to avoid bumble foot). don't use cedar bedding due to a reaction, avoid substrate with small particles or dust. change cage often
172
how do you feed guinea pigs
GP chow. provide fresh food (vitamin C). J feeders or bowls. Give Vit. C to prevent scurvy. Avoid sudden food changes
173
How do you handle guinea pigs
one hand on trunk, one hand on hindquarters. injury to liver and lungs from one handed pressure
174
where do you do IM injections in the guinea pig
use the same spots of the rabbit. lumbar, quadricep and caudal thigh
175
where do you do IV injections in the guinea pig
saphenous or cephalic
176
how is blood collected from guinea pigs
small amount: marginal vein, cephalic, saphenous.large amount: cranial vena cava, jugular vein, femoral vein, intracardiac (terminal)
177
where do you do your IP injection on the guinea pig
on the right side
178
What are the 3 most common types of hamster
mesocricetus auratuscricetus cricetuscricetulus griseus
179
Where do hamsters originate
syria
180
what are the outbred hamster species
golden syrian, european hamster, chinese hamster
181
what are the inbred hamster species
many have been developed to study specific diseases
182
Describe the behaviour of hamsters
nocturnal, female larger and more aggressive than male. bites if handled roughly, suddenly disturbed or when startled. chew on and escape from their cage. ideally housed singly. coprophagic
183
describe the cheek pouches of hamsters
highly distensible, devoid of glands and lymphatic tissue, ideal site for tumor induction, transplantation and xenograft
184
what are the problems associated with cheek pouches in hamsters
can put pups in cheek and suffocate them. also can impact or get infected
185
what are the hip glands in hamsters
in adult male, used for marking, located on either flank
186
Describe the teeth of a hamster
1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3. Incisiors grow continually, molars retain food
187
describe the stomach of a hamster
divided into two portions, glandular and non glandular. distinct constriction between the two.
188
describe the intestines of a hamster
long intestines except the ileum
189
describe the brown fat of a hamster
ventral to and between scapula
190
describe the eyes of a hamster
also have harderian glands (behind eyeball)
191
describe the kidneys of a hamster
extremely long renal papillae that extend into ureterhigh urine concentration capacity (1.060) urine is turbid, milky and contains crystals urine proteins normally present (high levels)
192
What is the lifespan of a hamster
18-24m
193
What is the body weight of a hamster
95-150/85-130g
194
Describe hibernation in the hamster
permissive hibernators. Low environmental temp
195
Describe the reproductive tract of the female hamster
bicornuate uterus6-8 pairs of nipplesthree openings in the perineal areaviewed from above, pointy behind
196
describe the reproductive system of the male hamster
open inguinal canalos penislarge testes and seminal vesiclestwo large fat bodies cranial to the testesviewed from above: rounded behind
197
what is the estrus cycle length of a hamster
4 days
198
what is the duration of gestation for a hamster
15-16d
199
when are hamsters weaned
20-25 days
200
describe the PP estrus in hamsters
infertile
201
Describe female hamsters during estrus
aggressive toward the male except at the onset of estrus.
202
do hamsters cannibalise their young?
yes, cannibalism is common. primiparous female (first litter)
203
Describe newborn hamsters
hairless, blind, have closed ears and underdeveloped limbs. pups begin to eat at 7-10d of age
204
how do you house hamsters
shoebox cage with bedding. change cage 1x/week
205
how do you provide water for a hamster
water bottle or automated system
206
describe using a feeder with a hamster
slots of hopper must be large enough.
207
what do you feed hamsters
rodent chow: 16% protein minimum (less: alopecia). 4-5% fat
208
how do you handle hamsters
picked up in a small container. cupping of hands, scruffing: a lot of loose skin due to cheek pouches
209
what procedures are done on hamsters
SC, IM, IP, blood collection
210
describe non terminal blood collection in hamsters
jugular, saphenous
211
describe terminal blood collection in hamsters
IC under anesthesia
212
where do you do IV injections in the hamster
saphenous, cephalic
213
What is the scientific name for a gerbil
meriones unguiculatus
214
where do gerbils come from
mongolia, siberia, and northeastern china
215
describe the behaviour of a gerbil
clean, nearly odorless, burrowing habits: need lots of bedding, active 24hrs a day without being specifically nocturnal. friendly, curious and social in groups. barbering. easy to handle, foot stomp
216
when do gerbils do the foot stomp
when fearful, startled, excitedto attract attention or express aggressionafter sexual activity
217
describe the tail of a gerbil
very thin layer of skin. sloughing, skinless tail then falls off
218
describe the abdominal sebaceous gland pad of the gerbil
observed in both sexes, used to mark territory and pups oval in mid-ventral region; covered by darker hair
219
describe the stomach of a gerbil
divided into 2 portions
220
describe the dental formula of a gerbil
1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3, continuously growing incisiors
221
describe spontaneous convulsive seizures in gerbils
similar to idiopathic epilepsy in humans. begins at 2 months of age, occurs in 1/2 of gerbils. elected by stress
222
describe why gerbils are susceptible to strokes
incomplete circle of willisresistant to radiation
223
describe lipemia and hypercholesterolemia in gerbils
even on diets with standard fat levels (4-6%). beware of high fat rodent chow (> 6% fat). sunflower seeds, will develop hepatic lipidosis and gall bladder stones
224
what are gerbils used for
in the study of lipid metabolism
225
describe the lifespan of a gerbil
3-4yrs
226
describe the typical bodyweight of a gerbil f/m
55-85g/g6-100g
227
Describe urine and feces production in the gerbil
only a few drops of urine are produced a day. dry, small, hard feces. bedding remains odourless for several weeks
228
what is the estrus cycle length of a gerbil
4-6d
229
describe the duration of gestation of a gerbil
24-20d (up to 42d)
230
when are gerbils weaned
20-26d
231
describe the mating system of a gerbil
gerbils mate for life (monogamous) - can use harem system/loss of mate.
232
Do male gerbils help take care of their young
yes they do.
233
describe housing for a gerbil
solid bottom shoe or glass aquarium. secure lid
234
describe bedding for a gerbil
thick, hardwood chips, wood shavings, recycled paper pellets and sand. no cedar.
235
what food do gerbils eat
rodent chow (16-22% protein, low fat)limit sunflower seeds
236
Describe the behaviour of the pig
friendly, docile, react poorly to improper handling or stressful conditions. Enjoy regular human interaction
237
what are the medical conditions induced by stress:
gastric ulcers.
238
How many different species of pigs are there
over 85 different types. farm pigs are large species, but there are also mini and micro pigs
239
describe the hanford (miniature pig)
white skin, very little fat. heart size is similar to humans. adult weight 70-90kg
240
describe the yucatan pig
dark pigmented skin, little or no hair. docile: easy to handle. Ventricular septum defect line. available. adult weight: 70-90kg
241
describe the gottingen pig
comparable size to micro pig. very well defined genetics. adult weight: 35-40kg
242
Describe the sinclair pig
from four feral breeds. different hair colors. slower growth rate. unique model for melanoma. 35-55kg
243
what are the other types of pigs available
micro pig: from selective breeding of yucatan pig males =/- 50kg, female +/- 40kgalso SPF, germ free, transgenic
244
What types of pigs do suppliers sell
random bred and purpose bred pigs
245
describe the advantage to purpose bred pigs
you have all the records + better quality animals
246
describe purpose bred pigs
sinclair, gottingen etc. a company that makes specific breeds
247
why do we use purpose bred pigs in the lab
valuable model: similar heart and skin to humans. Pigs are used in cardiovascular, integumentary, immunologic studies, agriculture and vet research.
248
What is the advantage of using mini/micro pigs
smaller and more manageable.
249
what is the disadvantage of using mini/micro pigs
more $$$$$
250
describe the housing for pigs
bedding. if compatible: place them together.
251
Describe enrichment for pigs
treats, suspended things with a chain: i.e.: basketball
252
Describe bedding for pigs
pigs are rooters and like to be clean. solid textured floor. deep bedding. they like to urinate and defecate where it is damp. put water on one side, and food on the other.
253
describe food for pigs
pigs are omnivorous. Eat pig chow. do not overfeed. do not fatten up mini pig
254
describe water for pigs
need to be clean and always available. dehydration and can get salt poisoning. Can use an automatic watering system or a trough
255
what are the restraint methods for pigs
gentle handling to avoid stress, panepinto sling
256
how do you orally dose a pig
gavage, PO
257
how do you give an iv injection to a pig
inject into the medial auricular vein, lateral auricular vein
258
how do you do blood sampling in a pig
in the cranial vena cava, jugular, ear veins.
259
where do you do IM injections in the pig
neck, caudal thigh (use long needle)
260
describe anesthesia for pigs
12hr fasting. water not restricted unless surgery on stomach
261
describe ET tube intubation in pigs
can have laryngospasm. intubation on ventral or dorsal recumbency.
262
describe surgical monitoring in the pig
jaw tone, toe pinch, HR, BP, RR
263
what tranquilizers/anticholinergics do you use in the pig
ace, atropine, glyco
264
what anesthetics can you use in the pig
ketamine, dexmedetomidine, barbituates, propofol, isoflurane
265
what analgesia can you use in the pig
opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine, oxymorphone). NSAIDS (meloxicam, carprofen)
266
describe the history of the use of dogs in research
less than 1% of research yet still vital. more difficult for the public to accept. was the most common one used in the 17th century due to availability and ease of handling. 1st successful kidney transplant was on dogs.creation and testing of artificial hips and joints, and pacemakers. using dogs the heart and lung machine was developed.
267
describe the use of dogs in research
cardiovascular and respiratory system. similar to humans and good size to work with. cataract research,toxicologydog diseases, nutrition, behaviour and surgical procedures, also diabetes: lupus, thyroiditis, hepatitis
268
what are the types and sources of dogs used in research
random source,purpose bred for research
269
How are random source dogs obtained
from licenced vendors, or from pound. cheaper but no medical history is known.
270
how are random source dogs conditioned
been through quarantine and conditioning to be more stable.
271
what are the typical dogs theatre purpose bred for research
beagles,labradorsmongrels (hound type)
272
what is there advantage to purpose bred dogs
uniform population
273
what is the disadvantage of purpose bred dogs
$$$$$
274
what is the goal of quarantine of dogs
to prevent cross contamination
275
how do you quarantine/condition dogs
gpe, bw, id, heath record, vaccination, parasite tx/prevention, lab testing, bw monitoring, daily observation
276
how do you house dogs
many variations. ensure that lower ranking dogs always have sleeping/ hiding places, food, water. or group singly.
277
how do you socialize dogs and when is the optimal period
give them human/animal interaction between 4-14 weeks of age
278
is exercise manditory in a dog
yes
279
describe the use of cats in research
similar anatomy and biochem of the brain to human. auditory disorders, eye research, leukaemia. FIV: one of the few that develops immune deficiency syndrome. Glowing transgenic cats. Toxoplasmosis, mammary, cancer, cat disease, nutrition and behaviour
280
what are the type and source of cats used in research
random, conditioned and purpose bred. purpose bred: referred to as SPF cats
281
how do you house cats
in groups if possible. must have sufficient space, shelves, litter boxes, food and water bowls. If small cage: need an exercise pen.
282
what enrichment do you use for cats
scratching, rolling toys, vertical space
283
what happens to cats in poor housing conditions
become inactive and stop normal behaviours
284
what are the uses of ferrets in research
influeza, distemper, GI ulcers, endocrinology, toxicology, cystic fibrosis: similarity between ferrets and humans in lung anatomy, lung cell biology and response to certain lung pathogens
285
where are ferrets for lab use obtained from
sold as research animals
286
what do you do in quarentine for ferrets
must be vaccinated against distemper
287
describe new world monkeys (platyrrhine):
absence of ischial callositiesabsence of cheek pouchesprehensile tail in some speciesnasal orifices wide apart
288
describe old world monkeys (catarrhine)
ischial callosities in some speciescheek pouches in some speciesabsence of prehensile tailnasal orifices close together
289
List out the new world monkeys
squirrel monkey - salmiri sciureuscapuchin monkey - cebus apellacommon marmoset - callithrix jaccusgolden lion tamarinowl monkey
290
list out the old world monkeys
african green monkey - cercopithecus aethiopspats monkey - erythrocebus patasbaboon - patiorhesus monkey - macaca mulattacynomolgus monkey - macaque fascicularispigtail monkey - macaca nemestrinastumptail monkey
291
describe the anatomy characteristics of monkeys
great strength and agility. cheek pouches in some old world species, sex skin around genital, tails and thighs in some old world species (skin is red + swollen in estrus)ischial callosities in some old world species (butt callous)large canine teeth in males of some speciessimple type uterusall old world primates have menstrual bleeding as a feature of the sex cycle
292
describe the social behaviour of a monkey
don't stare a monkey in the eye. fear smiles: sign of submission. groom each other to establish social bond
293
describe the use of cattle in research
used in many argricultural and veterinary research institutes for teaching and research on beef and dairy production and husbandry. used for cardiovascular surgeries.
294
where are cattle supplied from for research
established breeder who has healthy, disease free and genetically defined animals, public market, breeding at the research place
295
what are the disadvantages to public markets selling cows
no history, stressed, exposed to infectious agents
296
describe the quarantine and conditioning period for cows
lasts 2-4 weeksGPEBWidobservationfecal, dewormingvaccines (e coli, BVD, IBR, lepto)
297
describe routine health maintence of cattle
daily observationbw monitoringfecal, dewormingvaccinationfeed + water intake monitoringtrimming of feet
298
describe the use of sheep and goats as lab animals
:used for cardiovascular and respiratory systems research.:orthopedic research:production of antiserum:reproductive studies:transgenic:agricultural and vet. research
299
why are goats/sheeps used for cardiovascular and resp. systems research
similar anatomy to humansgood for development of surgery procedures, heart valve replacement
300
why are goats/sheeps used for orthopaedic research
trauma research, models for disease: injury to bones, joints and musclesosteoporosis + osteoarthritis
301
why are goats/sheeps used for production of antiserum
polyclonal antibodiessheep rbc: immunologic tests. blood transfusion research
302
why are goats/sheeps used for reproductive studies
model for human pregnancystudy of PDA
303
why are goats/sheeps used for transgenic studies
production of goat milk antithrombinproduction of F VIII + IX to treat hemophilia (sheep milk)production of AAT to prevent emphysema (sheep milk)
304
describe quarentine/conditioning/routine health maintence of goats/sheep
refer to cattle. group housing is preferable.
305
describe q fever
rickettsial infection.
306
how is q fever transmitted
inhalation, ingestion, direct contact with reproductive fluids or placenta. also shed in milk, urine and feces. ticks may transmit it.
307
describe the zoonosis version of q fever
influenza likechronic problemsDX: serologyTX: antibiotic
308
how do you prevent q fever
hygiene, protection, pasteurize milk, vaccination of humans and animals
309
describe anesthesia in cattle
ET tube intubation, then stomach tube due to gas build up in rumen
310
how do you recover a cow for surgery
keep ET tube in and inflated as long as possible, support animal in sternal. check for bloat
311
how long do you fast a cow before surgery
food: 24-48hrWater: 12-24hr
312
when do you give opioids to a cow
pre/post op
313
when do you give xylazine/diazepam to cow
pre-anesthetic
314
when do you give xylazine/ketamine/barbituate/propofol
for iv induction followed by intubation for inhalant agent
315
where do you give SQ in a cow
neck, flank, axillary area
316
where do you do IM in a cow
neck, quadriceps, triceps
317
where do you do IV in a cow
jugular, cephalic
318
why do we use fish in research
aquaculture (food)environmental pollution indicatorconserv and protecttransgenic
319
what do we use fish to study in research
type 1 diabetesoncologykidney studiesgeneticstoxicologymutagenesis
320
where are the fish procured from for research
wild caught, captive bred
321
how do you transport fish
plastic bagcool waterinsulated containeropaque container12-48hr fasting before transport
322
how do you acclimate a fish
30d min. separation of new batch from established oneseparate water supplyseparate equipmentdaily observation
323
what do healthy fish look like
good colorwell finnedno lesionsopercula covers gillsalert, interested in food
324
what temperature do you keep fish at
cold species: 0-10, cool species: 10-20warm species: 20-30
325
what does high fish water temp cause
ammonia build up
326
what are the signs of insufficient level of oxygen
gasping at surfacegather at fresh water intake
327
What is the bacteria responsible for causing mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma pulmonis
328
What are the hosts of mycoplasmosis
Rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits
329
What are the environmental predisposing factors to getting mycoplasmosis
Inadequate husbandry and ammonia build up
330
How is mycoplasmosis transmitted
Aerosol or vertical transmission
331
What are the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis
Seem healthy in beginning. Can be sub clinical. Sneezing, secretions, porphyrin staining. Or head tilt.
332
How do you diagnosis mycoplasmosis
Serology
333
What is the bacteria responsible for causing pseudotuberculosis
Corynebacterium kutscheri
334
What are hosts for pseudotuberculosis
Rats and mice
335
What are the predisposing factors for pseudotuberculosis
Other diseases and stress
336
How is pseudotuberculosis transmitted
Aerosol
337
What are the clinical signs of pseudotuberculosis
Sub clinical, abscesses, respiratory signs
338
How do you diagnose pseudotuberculosis
Necropsy, culture, pcr
339
What is the host of pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rodents
340
How is pseudomonas aeruginosa transmitted
Through contaminated sources. Humans are carriers and it is everywhere. Bacteria lives in gi tract and can contaminate water
341
What are the clinical signs of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
If healthy: a symptomatic. If immunosuppressed: generalized infection (septicaemia) and acute death
342
How do you prevent pseudomonas aeruginosa
Autoclave, acidify water, clorinate the water
343
What bacteria causes tyzzers disease
Clostridium piliforme
344
What are the hosts for tyzzers disease
Rodents and other species
345
What are the clinical signs of tyzzers disease
Non specific digestive signs. Diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy. Can also be sub clinical
346
How do you diagnose tyzzers disease
Serology, pcr
347
What bacteria causes salmonellosis
Salmonella enteritidis and thyphimurium
348
What are the hosts of salmonellosis
Vertebrates
349
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis
You will shit everywhere with blood
350
What is special about salmonellosis
It is a zoonosis
351
What is the bacteria responsible for staphylococcus infection
Staphylococcus aureus
352
What are the hosts for staphylococcus
Rodents and humans
353
How is staphylococcus transmitted
Direct contact
354
what are the clinical signs of staphylococcus
Dermatitis (alopecia, errythemia, pustules)
355
What is mycoplasmosis
Murine respiratory m.
356
What bacteria causes rat bite fever
streptobacillus moniliformis
357
What are the hosts of streptobacillus moniliformis
Rodents and humans
358
What are the clinical signs of streptobacillus moniliformis
A symptomatic in rats. However if rats contaminate mice then the mice get septicemia.
359
What are the symptoms of streptobacillus moniliformis
Fever, mono like symptoms. Can also cause arthritis
360
How is transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia spread
Contaminated food, water, bedding.
361
What is the host for transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia
Mice
362
How is transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia spread
Fecal oral route
363
What are the clinical signs of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia
Stained anus, dehydration, lethargy, anorexia. Non specific digestive signs. On necropsy: colon will thicken.
364
How do you diagnose transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia
Pcr
365
What are the clinical signs of helicobacter
Jaundice
366
What are the clinical findings on necropsy if you have helicobacter
White spots on liver
367
How do you diagnose helicobacter
Pcr
368
Which virus causes the rcv sda virus
Corona virus
369
How do you transmit rcv-sda
Aerosol, fomites
370
What are the clinical signs of rcv-sda virus
Coughing, porphyrin staining, enlarged neck.
371
How do you diagnose rcv-sda virus
Serology
372
What is the host of the Sendai virus
Mice
373
How is the Sendai virus transmitted
Through Aerosol. Highly contagious
374
What are the clinical signs of the Sendai virus
Can be subclinical or respiratory signs. Ruffled or hunched
375
How do you diagnose the Sendai virus
Pcr
376
What is the hantaan virus
A zoonotic virus.
377
What are the hosts of the hantavirus
Wild rodents
378
How is the hantaan virus transmitted
Virus is shed in saliva , urine and feces
379
What are the clinical signs of the hantaan virus in rodents
Sub clinical
380
What are the clinical signs of the hantaan virus in humans
Kidney failure, hemmorage, 50 % mortality
381
What virus is responsible for the mouse hepatitis virus
Corona virus
382
What is the host of the mouse hepatitis virus
Mice
383
How is the mouse hepatitis virus transmitted
Aerosol and feces
384
What are the clinical signs of the mouse hepatitis virus
Sub clinical or if you're young= diarrhea
385
How do you diagnose. The mouse hepatitis virus
Elisa and Pcr
386
What are the hosts of the lymphocytic chorioneningitis virus
Wild mouse, or contaminated mice
387
What are the clinical signs of lymphocytic chorioneningitis virus
Subclinical or nervous system signs
388
How is the lymphocytic chorioneningitis virus spread
Body fluids
389
What are the clinical signs of lymphocytic chorioneningitis in humans
Flu like disease. Fatal encephalomeningitis
390
What fungus transmits dermatophytosis
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
391
How is dermatophytosis transmitted
Direct contact
392
What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis in rodents
Alopecia and dermatitis, redness
393
What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis in humans
Circular, red, alopecia
394
What are the two types of pinworms
Syphacia obvelata and syphacia muris
395
Describe pinworms
Adults in cecum and colon. Eggs are deposited in Perianal region. Eggs are infectious within a few hours. Ingest eggs
396
What's the difference between syphacia obvelata and aspicularis tetraptera
Eggs are deposited in colon. Eggs are shed in feces. Eggs are ingested
397
What are the clinical signs of aspicularis tetraptera
Sub clinical but can affect behaviour
398
How do you diagnose aspicularis tetraptera
Tape, fecal
399
How do you treat pinworms
Ivermectin, fenbendazole, good sanitation
400
What is hymenolepis nana's cycle
direct or indirect
401
What is hymenolepis diminuta's cycle
Indirect cycle
402
What are the clinical signs of tapeworms
Sub clinical. Diarrhea if big infestation
403
What are the clinical signs of giardia muris
If animal is immunosuppressed then they could have diarrhea, dehydration. Otherwise sub clinical
404
What is the name of the mites of rats
Radfordiaensifera
405
What are the signs of mites in a rat
Sub clinical, itchy, alopecia, ulcerative dermatitis, oily skin
406
How do you diagnose rat mites
Tape, Pcr, skin scraping
407
How do you treat mites in a rat
Ivermectin
408
What is malocclusion
Broken teeth or bad alignment
409
What is the etiology of ring tail
Low humidity, high temp, malnutrition, genetic
410
What are the clinical signs of ring tail
Mild: hyperemia. Moderate: permannular constriction. Severe: tail slough
411
What happens with neoplastic disease in rats
Incidence increases with age. Mammary tumours, testicular tumor: especially in F344 rat. Pituitary tumours. Leukaemia
412
What is urolithiasis in rats
Variety of symptoms. Composition: ammonium magnesium phosphate, carbonate, oxalate. Occasionally confused with copulatory plug.
413
What are the 4 non infectious diseases of rats
Malocclusion Ring tailNeoplastic disease Urolithiasis
414
What are the 5 non infectious disease of mice
Barbering Alopecia of muzzle Bite wounds AmyloidosisNeoplasms
415
Where do mice get bite wounds
From dominant male cage mates
416
What is amyloidosis
Occurs spontaneously in old mice. Insoluble protein called amyloid. Vital organ function decrease, not treatable.
417
What are the common neoplasms in mice
Mammary rumours. Lymphoma. Pulmonary tumors
418
What is the scientific name of the rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
419
What is the family of the rabbit
Leporidae
420
Where do rabbits originate
Europe and North western
421
What is the most famous rabbit scientific research
The first rabies vaccine was given by Louis Pasteur
422
What are the two types of rabbit used in laboratories
New Zealand whiteDutch
423
describe the behaviour of the rabbit
Generally timid, non aggressive, curious but easily startled. Some aggressive or defensive behaviour. High pitched scream. Toilet trainable. Can be housed together
424
What is common of rabbit teeth
Malocclusion issues, also need trimming of peg teeth and front teeth
425
Describe the stomach of a rat
Glandular like, cannot vomit
426
Describe the cecum of a rabbit
Extremely important. Has a cecal appendix
427
What is the sacculus rotundus
Important lymphoid tissue
428
Where is the sacculus rotundus located in the rabbit
Between ileum and secum
429
Describe the colon of the rat
Sacculation: groves to increase surface area
430
What is the composition of the "day" dry feces in rabbits
Indigestible fibers
431
What is the composition of the night feces
Moist. B vitamins, water, nitrogen.
432
What does the color of urine of a rabbit depend on
Varies due to what's eaten
433
Why is rabbit urine turbid
Due to high amount of crystals
434
Describe the musculoskeletal system of a rabbit
High amount of muscle mass but very light bones. 7% of BW is skeleton.
435
Describe the mammary glands of the rabbit
8-10. Distribution is from neck to inguinal region. Males have no nipples
436
Describe the eyes of a rabbit
Third eyelid is developed. They have harderian glands there.
437
Where are the scent glands of a rabbit located
In inguinal pouch. On either side of vagina or penis
438
What are the scent glands of rabbits used for
To mark territory
439
What is a dewlap
A layer of fat on the chin. Mostly females, can cause moist dermatitis.
440
Describe the ears of a rabbit
Thermoregulation (vascular). Auditory and sensitive.
441
Describe the hematopoietic system
Neutrophil (heterophil) = 20-35%. Eosinophil: 0-4%
442
Describe the female reproductive system of a rabbit
Bicornuate and double cervix.
443
Describe the reproductive system of a male rabbit
Open inguinal canal. Scrotum is cranial to the penis. Testis descend at 12 weeks.
444
What is the estrus cycle length of a rabbit
Induced ovulator
445
How long is ovulation
9-13hours post copulation
446
What is the duration of gestation in a rabbit
29-35 days
447
When are baby rabbits weaned
4-6 weeks
448
When do rabbits nurse
1x a day (3-4 mins)
449
What is a milk replacement for rabbits
Kitten formula
450
What is the lifespan of the rabbit
5-7 years
451
What type of cages can rabbits be house in
Suspended or plastic cages
452
What is necessary for rabbits from a husbandry standpoint
Need to give food enrichment: greens, hay
453
What are the typical hosts for Pasteurellosis
Rabbit, (rodent, bird, farm animals).Very frequent in pet rabbits
454
How is Pasteurellosis transmitted
direct contact (major); respiratory aerosol
455
What are the predisposing factors to Pasteurellosis
virulence, pre-existing Bordatella Bronchiseptica. Stress
456
What are the clinical signs of Pasteurellosis
snuffles, pneumonia , torticollis, bacteremia, acute septicemia
457
What happens if you're young and you get the pneumonia symptom from Pasteurellosis
sudden death
458
what is torticollis
head tilt
459
Where can the bacteremia abcesses be located
in mammary glands, in kidney/any organ. Can also cause a pyometra
460
How do you treat Pasteurellosis
difficult. use baytril. very difficult to completely cure. can be a chronic asymptomatic carrier.
461
How do you prevent Pasteurellosis
Have spf animals
462
How do you diagnose Pasteurellosis
culture, immunologic tests
463
what is orchidis
infection of testes
464
What causes bacterial enteritis (enteropathies)
common, specific course not always found: combination of organisms
465
What specific bacteria cause enteropathies
Tyzzer's disease (clostridium piliforme.) - Poor sanitationClostridium enterotoxemia (c. spiriforme)Colibacillosis
466
What are the clinical signs of bacterial enteritis
Sudden death to more prolonged disease
467
What are the clinical signs of staphylococcus aureus
localized dermatitis, or systemic (pneumonia, abcesses, mastitis, septicemia, conjunctivitis)
468
What causes dermatophytosis (ZOONOSIS)
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes
469
What is the transmission method of dermatophytes
Direct contact
470
What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis
can be subclinical or alopecia, arrhythmia, crusts or scabs
471
What is pinworms
a nematode, passalurus ambiguus.
472
Where do you find pinworm eggs
found in feces, not pathogenic but can affect the rabbit.
473
how do you treat pinworms
fenbendazole, ivermectin
474
what is coccidiosis (intestinal form) caused by
a protozoan. its common but subclinical.
475
how is coccidiosis (intestinal form) transmitted
fecal oral in combination with bacterial disease
476
how do you diagnose coccidiosis (intestinal form)
fecal
477
how do you treat coccidiosis (intestinal form)
sulfa (s-125). amprolium
478
What is the hepatic form of coccidiosis caused by
eimeria stiedae.
479
How is the hepatic form of coccidiosis transmitted
fecal-oral transmission. the cycle is different from enteric coccidiosis
480
what are the clinical signs of hepatic coccidiosis
more severe. Liver dysfunction. Hepatomegaly, Icterus
481
How do you diagnose hepatic coccidiosis
fecal + necropsy
482
How do you treat hepatic coccidiosis
difficult to treat. disease may remain for life. only possibility of success is early treatment: there is frequent relapse. Treat environment. Use sulfonamides to treat.
483
how do you prevent hepatic coccidiosis
spf rabbit
484
What causes encephalitozoonosis (pseudozoonosis)
encephsalitozoan cuniculi
485
What breed of rabbit is encephalitozoonosis
dwarf rabbit especially susceptible
486
How is encephalitozoonosis transmitted
transplacental urine.
487
what are the clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis
most chronic and subclinical (retarded growth). in rare case: neurological signs, postmortem: kidneys + brain
488
How do you diagnose encephalitozoonosis
serology, pcr of infected tissues.
489
What is treatment for encephalitozoonosis
fenbendazole
490
what causes ear mites
psoroptes cuniculi
491
what are the clinical signs of ear mites
itchy, crusty, etc
492
what is the treatment for ear mites
topical treatmentivermectin (po, sq)revolutioncleaning of ears and environment
493
what causes fur mites
cheyletiella parasitivorax
494
what are the clinical signs of fur mites
asymptomaticalopecia, dander, often on the back
495
How do you diagnose fur mites
scotch tape
496
how do you treat fur mites
revolution, ivomec
497
What is buphthalmia
autosomal recessive genetic disorder
498
what are the symptoms of buphthalmia
bulging eyes
499
how do you diagnose buphthalmia
check IOP
500
How do you treat buphthalmia
euthanasia
