Chemistry Study Guide Flashcards by Alex Olsen

What is the purpose of centrifugal for in centrifugal analyzers?

to mix

or to separate serum/plasma from rbc’s

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What does a lab worker do if acid gets in an eye?

flush with running water and notify a doctor

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What do the etched rings on the top of a pipette mean?

TC?

blow out

to contain

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What could cause an elevated SG but normal osmolality?

heavier molecules such as proteins or glucose

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What are the normal values for CSF glusoce, protein, appearance and WBC’s?

glucose: 50-80 mg/100mL
protein: 15-45 mg/dL
clear and colorless
WBC: 0-5

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Why is CO toxic?

it prevents binding of Hgb to Oxygen

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TBIL normal values

0.2-1.0 mg/dL

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Conjugated/direct bilirubin normal values

0.0-0.2 mg/dL

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Unconjugated/Free bilirubin normal values

0.2-0.8 mg/dL

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too much bili to liver
increase in urine/feces
hemolytic anemias

Prehepatic jaundice

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problem with liver itself
increase in urine/feces
liver disease

Hepatic jaundice

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biliary obstruction
decrease/absence in urine/feces
stones/tumors

Posthepatic jaundice

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decreased fecal URO

obstructive jaundice

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increased bile pigments

jaundice

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interpret oral/GTT values

141 200 mg/dL provisional diabetes

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Give cautions for bilirubin specimen

protect from light
run STAT
no hemolysis

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What enzyme tests cannot be preserved by freezing?

LD - lactate dehydrogenase

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What is the cause of postprandial lipemia?

chylomicrons

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How does the electrophoresis pattern of plasma differ from that of serum?

sharp fibrinogen peak in plasma

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What is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

alb, A1, A2, beta, gamma

fast to slow

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What is the principle enzyme in salive?

amylase

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The IG’s migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH8.6?

gamma globulin

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How do oral contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding?

increase in both

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Creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

creatine

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What tests are affected by hemolysis?

ACP, ALP, ALT, AST, BIL, CBC, CK, LD, aPTT, PT

What is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio?

20:1

What is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis?

heparin

How is serum globulin determined?

TP - albumin

What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation?

T4 thyroxine

How is bloody CSF handled in the chemistry lab?

spin; analyze fluid; comment presence of blood

What is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

specificity

What are the major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations?

in anion: phosphate in cation: potassium ex anion: chloride ex cation: sodium

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.35-7.45

Differentiate a transudate from an exudate.

T: clear, no clots, SG 1.015

What protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

albumin

How is the blood glucose level affected is the serum if left sitting on the clot for several hours?

decrease by 10% per hour

What is the most accurate pipette for measuring a 1 mL volume?

Oswald-Folin volumetric

What type of fast does the patient undergo for lipid studies?

12 hour

concentration

C1V1 = C2V2 same for normality N1V1 = N2V2

creatinine clearance

(Ucr*V)/(Pcr*T) T in minutes BSA ave 1.73 square root of ((height*weight)/3131)

Normality

N = grams/GEW/L GEW = GMW/total positive valence of ions in compound

Molarity

M = grams/GMW/L GMW = add molar masses of each element; M is mol/L

Beer's Law

Cu = Au/As*Cs

Anion gap

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) | NA - (Cl + HCO3)

Kjeldahl protein technique principle

conversion of nitrogen into ammonium; reference method for total protein determination

Biuret method principle

directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present; specifically reacts with at least 2 peptide bonds or more; tripeptides or larger

Iron binding capacity principle

used to estimate the transferrin level in the serum. By measuring the amount of iron that can potentially bind to the circulating transferrin the latent or unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC). If UIBC is added to serum iron concentration, the TIBC may be obtained.

Osmolality principle

freezing point depression

CrCl/GFR principle

CrCl tests GFR based on assumption that all creatinine passes into the urine; GFR = volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time; GFR = V/t

Bilirubin test principle

Bilirubin pigments in serum or plasma are reacted with a diazo reagent (sulfanilic acid in HCl and sodium nitrite), resulting in a purple product azobilirubin. The product azobilirubin can be measure spectrophotometrically.

Nephelometer principle

measurement of light is directly proportional to the number of particles in solution

Fluorometer principle

measurement of light excited by a UV light source

Sweat chloride principle

uses pilocarpine through an electric current into the skin

oral GTT principle

detects abnormal glucose metabolism

require for B12 absorption

Jaffe reaction

determines creatinine levels

3 hour GTT

test for gestational diabetes | borderline fasting blood sugar pts

+/- 2 S.D.

includes 95.5% values

What is a hollow cathode lamp used for?

atomic absorption

pheochromocytoma

abnormal adrenal medulla which causes increased VMA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

5HIAA

increased in cancers involving the entero chromofins of GI tract

Berthelot reaction

hydrolysis of Urea

Reagent used for prostatice acid phosphatase

L tartrate

Reagent used for BUN

diacetyl monoxime

Reagent used for URO

p aminobenzaldehyde

Urinary 17-ketosteroids

increased in adrenal cortex

duodenal fluid testing

diagnose pancreas disease

LDL

indicates CHD

AFP

alpha feta protein: hepatoma

increased in MI

increased 1st in MI

For what is acid phophatase used?

rape

CK isoenzymes

CKMB(heart) increased in MI CKMM muscle CKBB brain

uric acid

increased in gout | renal disease

What does the sweat chloride test diagnose?

What does SGOT(AST) indicate

increased in MI, viral hep, skeletal muscle disease

Importance of ionized calcium

low in tetany

Importance of amylase

increased in pancreatic diagnosis

Patients with an increase catabolism of purines most likely have an increased serum concentration of what substance?

uric acid

How would the urine volume of a patient with diabetes insipidus be effected upon administrations of ADH?

decreased

The serum protein electrophoresis pattern in MM shows what abnormality?

spike in gamma globulin region

HDL

40-75 mg/dL

LDL

50-130 mg/dL

Trig

60-150 mg/dL

Chol

140-200 mg/dL

What substance in the intestine is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

List 3 enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI?

AST CK LD

Importance of iron binding capacity

measures transferrin

bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid produces?

azobilirubin

pCO2 measures?

Chemistry Study Guide Flashcards

(90 cards)