child development2 Flashcards by Lizzie Holmes

what does ICG mean?

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what are the four characteristics of development?

plasticity
multicontextual
multidirectional
multidisciplinary

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difference equals defiecet error?

differences are not necessarly deficits

-deviation from some norm is neccasrily inferior to bahvior or characteristics that meet the standard s

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social construction

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what is multicontextual?

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are people only effected by more than one culture?

yes

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socail economic statis?

-your class, career, family income, education, where you live

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cohort?

-whether grew up in same general time period and same historical changes and such

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wat is multidirectional change?

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what is the ecological approach?

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what is the ecosystem, mesosystems,

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what are the 3 domains of human development?

biosocial, cognitive socail, pyschosocial

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what mirror nuerons?

“monkey see monkey do concept”

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CH 3

DNA

the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various protiends

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Chromosome=

one of the 46 molecules of DNA(in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes. other species have more or fewer protiens

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gene=

a small section of chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. they consist of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain protiens.

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alleles=

a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics. many genes never vary; others have several possible alleles.

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genome=

a full set of genes that are the instructions to make individual meber of a certain species

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gamete=

a reproductive cell; that is a spermor ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from other sex to make a zygote

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Zygote=

the single cell formed from union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum

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genotype=

a ogranism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

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homozygous=

reffering to 2 genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code. most gene pairs are homozyguous.

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heterozygous=

referring to two genes of one pair that differ in some way. typically one allele has only a few base pairs that differ from other member of the pair

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**_23^rd pair_**=

## Footnote **_23^rd pair_**=the chromosme pair that, in humans, determines sex. tHE OTHER 22 PAIRS ARE AUTOSOMES; INHERITED EQUALLY BY MALES AND FEMALES

**_XX_**=

## Footnote a 23 chromosome pair that consists of two X-shaped chromosomes, one each from the mother and the father XX zygotes become females

**_XY=_**

## Footnote a 23^rd chromosome pair that consists of a X shaped chromosome from the mother and father. XY zygotes becomes males

**_phenotype_**=

## Footnote the observable characteristics of a person, including appreance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

**_polygenic_**=

## Footnote referring to a trait that influenced by many genes

**_multifactorial_**=

## Footnote referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environment, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes. Resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype

**1. ****_What are the relationships among proteins, genes, chromosomes, and the genome?_**

## Footnote

**1. ****_How and when is the sex of the zygote determined? Why is the ratio of boy babies to girl babies significant?_**

## Footnote

## Footnote **1. ** **_Each zygote begins as a single cell. What happens to the cell within the first hours and then days after conception?_**

- **1. ** **_Define stem cells._**

## Footnote cell from which any other specialized type of cell can form

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is the difference between monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and other siblings?_**

## Footnote monozygotic=identical twins and dizygotic twins=fraternal

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is ART? Describe how some types of art like IVF and intrauterine insemination enable otherwise infertile couples to conceive and sustain a pregnancy. What are some of the ethical conflicts surrounding ART?_**

## Footnote -A general ter, for the techniques designed to help infertile couples concieve and then sustain a preganancy.

## Footnote **1. ** **_Summarize epigenetic research. Do genes determine our destiny?_**

## Footnote -environment can effect genes. no genes do not just a factor. just more likely to act a certain way.

## Footnote **1. ** **_What important discoveries resulted from the Human Genome Project? _**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is an additive heredity? Give examples of traits that are the result of genes which interact additively. _**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is dominant-recessive heredity: Give an example._** **a. ** **What does it mean to be a carrier? Give an example.** **b. ** **What are X-linked genes? Give an example.**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Define copy number variations._**

## Footnote -genes with various repeats or deletions of base parts

## Footnote **1. ** **_Explain how the course of alcoholism is affected by nature and by nurture. _**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What estimates are give for the percentage of all zygotes having more or fewer than 46 chromosomes? How many reach viability (are born and are able to survive outside the womb)?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Define heritability and give an example of a heritable trait._**

## Footnote -A statistic that indicates what percentages of the variation in a particular trait within a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, can be traced to genes

## Footnote **1. ** **_Identify the specific causes and effects of Down syndrome, and abnormalities of the 23^rd pair._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Describe and give an example of the following gene disorders: dominant disorders and recessive gene disorders. _**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Define fragile X syndrome_**

## Footnote -a genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest pf it by a very thin string of molecules. The cause is a single gene that has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.

## Footnote **1. ** **_Why do some scientists believe that the public is not ready for genetic testing for psychological disorders?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Who should receive genetic counseling and when?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Define PKU and explain the U.S. testing requirements._**

## Footnote **-pku**=genetic disorder in which a child’s body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenyalanine. Unless the infant immediately begins a specail diet begins a specail diet. the resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage.

## Footnote **1. ** **_What percentage of the human genome do unrelated people share?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Why do so many scientists oppose genetic testing for psychological disorders?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Describe a scenario of in-vitro fertilization._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Know new discoveries about genotypes and phenotypes._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Know how to figure out the outcome of four children’s eye color in a family. The father has brown eyes, and the mother has blue eyes. Can you predict all four eye colors with the given information?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_A long string of amino acids make up \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is a major contributor to the fact that the human race has survived in spite of diseases such as malaria, the plague, and possibly even HIV?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_People with Down syndrome have a third chromosome in the _________ pair (extra chromosome condition). Tell if one with Down syndrome is severely retarded, average intelligence, or above intelligence (can they be any of these choices)? _**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Describe Huntington’s disease._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_The molecular basis of heredity is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_Approximately how many cells make up the average adult human body?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_The genetic code directs the synthesis of hundreds of different kinds of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What is the difference between sperm cells and ova?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_A person’s height is affected by (an estimated) _____________ number of genes._**

## Footnote **1. ** **_What are some ways to prevent near-sightedness in children?_**

## Footnote **1. ** **_In what situations would genetic counseling be strongly recommended?_**

CH 2 1. What is a developmental theory? What is the value of developmental theories? What is the relationship between norms and facts? How do theories differ from facts?

a systematic

Study Guide for Chapter 2: 2. Characterize the 3 Grand Theories according to Nurture vs. Nature perspective. Which theories lean more towards nurture and more towards nature and why?

Study Guide for Chapter 2: 3. Explain the psychoanalytic theory and Freud’s view of infant sexuality. In the oral, anal, and phallic stages, what body parts are related? Is the psychoanalytic theory criticized for being too subjective or objective?

Study Guide for Chapter 2: Theories 4. Compare and contrast Freud and Erickson. How are their stages similar and how are they different?

Study Guide for Chapter 2: Theories ## Footnote 5. Name and summarize the first 5 social crises or polarities in Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development.

6. What is the general belief of behaviorism? Introduce John B. Watson and his contributions.

7. In what three ways does learning occur according to Behaviorism?

8. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Give a real-life example of how an organism to learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one. Explain the teachings of Ivan Pavlov.

9. How did Skinner use rats, pigeons, and people (his own daughter) in his experimentation?

10. Distinguish between rewards, punishments & reinforcements through operant conditioning. Which of the above is used to make the behavior less likely to occur?

11. Explain Social Learning Theory or Observational Learning. Give an example within a family.

12. Define modeling and self-efficacy.

13. Contrast psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism. Why do behaviorists hesitate to use the terms reward and punishment?

14. What is cognitive theory? Cognitive equilibrium?

cognitive equilibrium:a state of mental balance cognitive thoery is based on thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions, and actions -sister lundins missionary companion she had to accomodate

15. Who was Jean Piaget? Name and describe Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. According to his definitions, how do learners move from disequilibrium to new equilibrium?

- COGNITIVE THOERY 1. sensorimotor 2. pre operational 3. 4.

16. Why did children love to talk to Jean Piaget? How are Piaget’s ideas different and similar to Freud’s?

17. Define and give real-life examples of object permanence, assimilation & accommodation.

18. Describe a newer version of cognitive theory: information processing theory. Why is it not a stage theory? Use the analogy of a computer to explain this theory.

--a computer - vygosty - a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by anaology, to computer analysis of data, inluding sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

19. What are the main differences with the newer theories and the 3 grand theories? What are the major focuses of the 3 Grand Theories?

20. How is apprenticeship in thinking an example of sociocultural theory? Who was Lev Vygotsky and what were some of his major contributions? Explain his perspective on guided participation. Give several everyday examples of learning guided by mentors in the magic middle.

- made sociocultural thoery - guided participation=technique in which skilled mentors help novices lern not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct shared involvement in the activity (also called apprentinship in thinking) - zone of proximial development= - values are constructed in cultures - believed that children with mental sndphysical disabilities should be education

21. What do mentors do when mentees are in their zone of proximal development?

22. Why focus on a Universal Perspective? Define humanism. How is the religious background of both Maslow and Rogers related to humanism?

23. Draw, label, & summarize Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. How does his differ than Erikson’s stages?

different then eriksons because? highest to lowest: self actualization esteem love and belonging safety physiological

24. Summarize evolutionary theory. According to evolutionary theory, why do we find babies so appealing? How does this theory explain human instincts?

25. Why are aspects of evolutionary theory of human emotions controversial? Define selective adaptation.

26. Summarize the main criticisms and contributions of the major theories: Psychoanalytic, Behaviorism, Cognitive, Sociocultural, and Universal Theories.

27. Why are most developmentalists said to have an eclectic perspective, rather than strongly favoring one theory over another? What are the advantages & disadvantages of an eclectic perspective?

aaccomodation vs assimilation?

accomodations: old ideas are restructed to include, or accomodate, new experiences assimilation: new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas

who is vygosty?

- made socio-cultural thoery - studied cognitive tendencies - mentors - guided participation-parents tutors engage in kids to help them in each step -

what is evolutionary thoery?

-talks about how your genes are as humans grow they adapt to environment making them who they are selective adaptation: human react in ways how reacted long ago like fear of snakes

how many cells are in the human body? how many checmicals?

100 trillion cells -4 then put into triplets

whats the difference between a gamete and a zygote?

gamete is a sperm and ova and zygote is when they come together and fertallize

males and females xy and xx?

men=xy women=XX

what is process of conception?

- duplicartion and the sperm deivides - differentiation-cells breaking up and the cells starts sepcailizing as to where eyes go and such

whats unique about stem cells

they can differietate into specail areas to create the body

what is the timing and terimonology of preganancy?

beginning of preganancy, length of preganancy, trimensters, due date.

beginning of preganancy what happens?

pregnancy begins at conception, which also the starting point of gestational age. However, the organism does not become an emryo until about two weeks later, and pregnancy does not effect the woman)and cannot be confirmed by blood or urine testing) until implantation

length of preganancy

full term preganancies last 266 days , or 38 weeks or 9 months

trimesters

instead of germinal period, empbroyic period, and fetal period, some writers divide pregnancy into three month periods called trimesters

due date

only 5% of baies are actually born on due date.

germinal period? ## Footnote

embryro and the placenta(organ surrounding embriyo protecting and nurtering it) form implatation= embed themselves in the nurturing lining of the uterus -only 50% of conceptions inplant

embriyoic period?

- the baby starts really growing and starting to look like a human - organs are developing, centeral nervous system develops, heart, etc. -

4,5,6 months what happens?

brain heaveily develops 7 times

apgar scale?

2 times 1 min and 5min after birth p. 101 table 4.3 for the test

apgar scale

abays heart rate 69 beats a minute flacid muscle tone irregular slow resperations tickling baby feet grimaces 5.?

CH 3 1. What percentage of natural conceptions achieves implantation? What percentage fails?

-50% of natural conceptions and even larger percetage of an invitro conceptions never implant

## Footnote 1. _What is the difference between the **sperm cell and ova** (as far as **X & Y chromosomes** are concerned)? _

## Footnote spem cell is from a man and ova is froma woman

## Footnote 1. _Define **embryo** and **fetus**._

## Footnote -embryo=the name for a developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception fetus=the name of a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth

## Footnote 1. _Describe the major developmental events and the timeline for the **Germinal Period**: Differentiation, placenta division, and implantation._

## Footnote -differentiation=at about the eigth cell stage cell take on plecenta division=a plcenta is devloped which is the organ that surrounds and protects the developing creature implatation=embed themselves in the nurturing lining of the uterus

## Footnote 1. _Describe the major developmental events and timeline for the **embryonic period:** primitive streak, primitive heart, facial features, skeletal structure of arms legs and fingers and toes: (**cephalocaudal and proximodistal** patterns)._

## Footnote - centeral nervous system, the brain , spinal column, head, eyes, ears , nose. and mouth form. - **cephalocaudal and proximodistal** patterns=head to tail pattern and near and far

## Footnote 1. _What week, after conception, does the head begin to take to take shape?_

## Footnote _-_fourth week

## Footnote 1. _Describe the major developmental events and timeline for the **fetal period:** _

## Footnote · _What is an ***ultrasound*** and how is it used?_

## Footnote _-_it is ike a x-ray machines but uses sound waves to see the baby

## Footnote · ***_Middle Three Months:_***_ Summarize the development of the digestive system, crucial brain development, central nervous system, and *age of viability*._

## Footnote _-It_ is a important time because that is when the entire centeral nervous system becomes respinsive during mid preganancy and regulating body functions such as breathing and sucking. and the heart begins to beat faster.

## Footnote · _What are the factors in achieving ***age of viability***?_

## Footnote -medical care, regulating basic body functions like breathing and sucking

## Footnote · **_Final Three Months_**_: neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular maturation, and relationship between mother and unborn child._

## Footnote -final three months women is aware of child because of fetal size and movement. Her taste, smell, and and sounds and behavior patterns become part of the fetal cosciousness. auditory communication happens. As childs ear develops and just gains comfort from mothers heartbeat and kicking and such.

## Footnote · _Since almost all fetuses born at 30 weeks survive, why don’t women avoid the last month of pregnancy by having an elective cesarean at that time?_

## Footnote -natural child birth is better and you don’t want to pull out the baby before it is ready not developed enough.

## Footnote 1. _How many times does the **brain grow** in size during the 4^th, 5^th, and 6^th months of pregnancy?_

## Footnote 1. _Does **fetal weight** double, triple, quadruple, or stay the same in the last trimester of pregnancy?_

## Footnote -quadruple

## Footnote 1. _What is the best birthing position?_

## Footnote -there is no best one but the standard easiest would be laying on back and propped up

## Footnote -5%

## Footnote 1. _What percentage of U.S. births take place in freestanding **birthing centers**?(p. 102)_

## Footnote 1. _The action to trigger labor, in a normal birth, I initiated by \_induced labor\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_._

## Footnote 1. _On average, how many hours of active labor are there for a first time mother?_

## Footnote 1. _Describe the 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd stages of birth: (See figure 4.4)_

- the baby gets ready for postion for birth process - the cervix dilates to allow passgage of the babys head -transition: the babys head moves into the vagina

## Footnote 1. _Does the head, placenta, or foot emerge first at birth?_

## Footnote -head

## Footnote 1. _Describe the newborn’s first minutes:_

## Footnote -between spontaneous cries the first born breathes of air bring oxygen to the lungs and blood and changes to bluish to pinkish eyes open wide, tiny finger grab, toes stretch and retract mucus in babys throat is removed. umilbilcal cord is dettached they are examined with the apgar scale.

## Footnote 1. _What is the **Apgar scale** and how is used? What are the **five vital signs** evaluated? If the baby has irregular, slow respirations and a heart rate of 78, what is the baby’s Apgar score? _

## Footnote -a assesment of new borns health. the babys color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respitory effort are given score from 0, 1, or 2 twice. at one one minute and 5 mins after birth. and each time the total of all the five scores is compared with the maximum score of 10.

## Footnote 1. _ How has medical assistance helped and harmed the birth process? Describe how culture and/or cohort impact rates of **cesarean section**. Roughly, how many U.S. births are C-sections?_

## Footnote -some cultures and places have higher rates of c-sections3 -34% in US

## Footnote 1. _Define **epidural**, and **induced labor**._

- epidural=an injection into the spine to help birth - induced labor= in which labor is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug _ _

## Footnote 1. _What is the reason **neural-tube defects** have decreased by 26% in the U.S.? _

## Footnote 1. _What is the infant mortality rate in the US? What does the AAP recommend for parents of very **pre-term** babies? What are the benefits and risks of home births? What are the benefits of a **doula**?_

- 1-250 mortality rate - AAP reccomends careful and honest counseling for parents of very preterm baies so that they can understand the consequences of each medical measure - benefits of a doula are they are trained to support the women by timing contractions, work beside mid-wifes and doctors, massages, providing ice chips, or anything else helpful. _ _

## Footnote 1. _What is a **teratogen**? What is a **behavioral teratogens** and what part of the fetus is affected?_

- agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defect or even death - behavioral teratogen are agents that can harm the prenatal brain, imparing the future childs intellect and emotional functioning. _ _

## Footnote 1. _Touching cat feces, garden dirt, or eating undercooked meat can cause what symptoms in a newborn? Is this attributed to syphilis, German measles, or toxoplasmosis?_

## Footnote -toxoplasmosis which causes brain damage, loss of vision, mental retardation

5 S'

swaddling sucking shushing swinging movement side/ stomach position \

child development2 Flashcards

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