child health flashcards

Question 1

Q: What are key components of paediatric history taking?

Answer 1

A: Obtain info mainly from parent/carer, use structured questioning, look for visual signs of illness, listen carefully.

Question 2

Q: Name 5 red flag symptoms in children that warrant referral.

Answer 2

A: Blood in fluids, breathing difficulties, seizures, non-blanching rash, unusual drowsiness.

Question 3

Q: What temperature is considered a fever in children?

Answer 3

A: Over 37.5°C (99.5°F).

Question 4

Q: When should you urgently refer a child with a fever?

Answer 4

A: <3 months old with temp ≥38°C, 3–6 months old with temp ≥39°C, immunocompromised, lasts >5 days.

Question 5

Q: What are febrile convulsions?

Answer 5

A: Seizures in kids (6 mo–6 yrs) triggered by fever, usually <5 mins, not harmful

Question 6

Q: Symptoms of fever?

Answer 6

A: Sweating, fatigue, headaches, loss of appetite, blanching rash, muscle aches

Question 7

Q: Symptoms needing urgent referral with fever?

Answer 7

A: Non-blanching rash, drowsiness, not waking, floppy, >5 days, under 3 mo with ≥38°C.

Question 8

Q: Symptoms of febrile seizures?

Answer 8

A: Twitching limbs, stiffness, unconsciousness, wetting/soiling, vomiting, sleepiness after

Question 9

Q: Symptoms of a cold in children?

Answer 9

A: Runny/stuffy nose, cough, mild fever, sneezing.

Question 10

Q: Cough symptoms?
A: Mucus drip down throat, may worsen at night, 3-week duration typical.

Answer 10

A: Mucus drip down throat, may worsen at night, 3-week duration typical.

Question 11

Q: Pain symptoms to monitor?

Answer 11

A: Toothache, headache, twisted joints, irritability, refusal to eat.

Question 12

Q: Symptoms of teething?

Answer 12

A: Swollen gums, red cheeks, dribbling, disrupted sleep, irritability, mild fever, nappy rash.

Question 13

Q: When to refer for pain?

Answer 13

A: Severe/recurrent pain, abnormal drowsiness, loss of consciousness, unresponsive to treatment.

Question 14

Q: Treatment options for pain

Answer 14

A: Paracetamol (>2mo), ibuprofen (>3mo), combo if needed, avoid aspirin.

Question 15

Q: When to refer for teething

Answer 15

A: High fever, persistent symptoms, feeding refusal.

Question 16

Q: Treatment for teething

Answer 16

A: Paracetamol/ibuprofen, lidocaine gels, homeopathic teething granules (Nelsons®), avoid choline salicylate.

Question 17

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for teething

Answer 17

A: Teething rings (cool), raw veg or bread, cool sugar-free drinks, comfort baby, keep face clean.

Question 18

Q: Symptoms of oral thrush

Answer 18

A: White patches that don’t wipe off, sore mouth, discomfort feeding.

Question 19

Q: When to refer for oral thrush

Answer 19

A: <4 months old, recurrent/persistent cases, fungal rash in nappy area, failed treatment.

Question 20

Q: Treatment for oral thrush

Answer 20

A: Miconazole gel (>4 mo), Nystatin suspension (POM).

Question 21

Q: When to refer for oral thrush

Answer 21

A: <4 months old, recurrent/persistent cases, fungal rash in nappy area, failed treatment.

Question 22

Q: Symptoms of head lice

Answer 22

A: Itchy scalp, visible lice/nits, common in 4–5-year-olds.

Question 23

Q: When to refer for head lice?

Answer 23

A: Children <6 months, infected/scabby scalp, failure of treatment.

Question 24

Q: Treatment of head lice?

Answer 24

A: Dimeticone (Hedrin®), Full Marks®, wet combing, treat entire household.

Question 25

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for Head lice

Answer 25

A: Wet combing every 3 days for 2 weeks, inspect family members.

Question 26

Q: Symptoms of colic

Answer 26

A: Crying >3 hrs/day, pulling knees up, red face, clenched fists, evening timing.

Question 27

Q: When to refer for colic

Answer 27

A: Weak high-pitched cry, vomiting green, not feeding, signs of infection.

Question 28

Q: Treatment of colic

Answer 28

A: Simeticone (Infacol®), Dentinox®, Colief®, gripe water (alcohol-free).

Question 29

Q: Non-pharmacological advice of colic

Answer 29

A: Upright feeding, correct teat size, burp frequently, baby massage.

Question 30

Q: Symptoms of nappy rash

Answer 30

A: Red/sore skin in nappy area, possible pimples, fungal rash appears shiny.

Question 31

Q: When to refer for a nappy rash

Answer 31

A: Persistent, worsening, signs of infection (yellow crusts, swelling), failure of treatment.

Question 32

Q: Treatment of nappy rash

Answer 32

A: Barrier creams (e.g. Sudocrem®, Metanium®), antifungals (Clotrimazole), antiseptics (Cetrimide).

Question 33

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for a nappy rush

Answer 33

A: Frequent changes, use cotton + water, leave nappy off, hydrate well.

Question 34

Q: Symptoms of threadworm

Answer 34

A: Itchy anus at night, visible worms in stool, sleep disturbance.

Question 35

Q: When to refer for threadworm

Answer 35

A: <2 years old, recurrent infection, secondary infection, recent travel.

Question 36

Q: Treatment of threadworm

Answer 36

A: Mebendazole (Ovex®) from age 2, treat household, repeat after 2 weeks if needed

Question 37

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for threadworm .

Answer 37

A: Short nails, wash hands, daily cleaning, avoid nail biting.

Question 38

Q: Symptoms of constipation

Answer 38

A: Hard stools, infrequent bowel movements, tummy pain, irritability, nausea.

Question 39

Q: When to refer for constipation

Answer 39

A: Severe pain, bleeding, vomiting, long-standing, failed treatment.

Question 40

Q: Treatment for constipation

Answer 40

A: Lactulose (>1yr), Fybogel (>6 yrs), Senna (>12 yrs), macrogols (POM), glycerin suppositories.

Question 41

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for constipation

Answer 41

A: More fluid, fibre, exercise, regular toilet routine

Question 42

Q: Symptoms of nausea and vomiting . .

Answer 42

A: Vomiting, nausea, dehydration (sunken eyes, dry mouth), may follow infection.

Question 43

Q: When to refer for nausea and vomiting

Answer 43

A: Vomiting >24–48 hrs, failure to thrive, persistent regurgitation, coffee-ground vomit, systemic illness.

Question 44

Q: Treatment for nausea and vomiting

Answer 44

A: Oral rehydration solutions (ORS).

Question 45

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for nausea and vomiting

Answer 45

A: Frequent small sips of ORS, rest, monitor hydration

Question 46

Q: Symptoms of nose foot and mouth

Answer 46

A: Fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers, spots on hands/feet turning into blisters.

Question 47

Q: When to refer for nose, foot and mouth

Answer 47

A: Difficulty eating/drinking, signs of dehydration, worsening condition.

Question 48

Q: Treatment for nose, foot and mouth

Answer 48

A: Paracetamol/ibuprofen, fluids, soft food.

Question 49

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for nose, foot and mouth

Answer 49

A: Good hygiene, wash hands, no sharing of cups/towels.

Question 50

Q: Symptoms of Bacterial meningitis

Answer 50

A: Fever, vomiting, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, non-blanching rash, drowsy, seizures.

Question 51

Q: When to refer for Bacterial meningitis

Answer 51

A: Always – urgent referral.

Question 52

Q: Treatment for bacterial meningitis

Answer 52

A: Immediate hospital treatment.

Question 53

Q: Non-pharmacological advice for bacterial meningitis

Answer 53

A: Use the "tumbler test" for rash

Question 54

Q: How to give eye drops to a baby? Q: What to avoid when giving meds? A: Don’t crush tablets unless advised; avoid mixing large amounts in food/bottle.

Answer 54

A: Drop into corner of closed eye; wrap baby for stillness.

Question 55

Q: Advice for oral liquids?

Answer 55

A: Sit child upright, use medicine spoon (not household), give drink after.

Question 56

Q: Suppositories advice?

Answer 56

A: Insert 2–4 cm while child on side, hold buttocks together for 5 mins.

Question 57

Q: What to avoid when giving meds?

Answer 57

A: Don’t crush tablets unless advised; avoid mixing large amounts in food/bottle.