Childhood Cardiopulmonary (3) Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale used for in infants?
Shunting of blood around the developing lungs to protect them
What does the fetus receive oxygenated blood from?
The mother via placenta and travels back via the umbilical vein
What is the pathway of the blood in a developing fetus?
50% of oxygenated blood travels through liver and other 50% to the inferior vena cava then to right atrium
Then it goes through the foramen ovale to the left atrium then the left ventricle and out the aorta
Where does most oxygenated blood go to in the developing fetus?
Brain
When do ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close?
Few days after birth
When do the lungs begin to develop?
22-26 days gestation
When do the lungs have lobes and conducting airways with alveolar cap membranes?
17 weeks
When do terminal bronchiole buds develop allowing the potential for gas exchange?
17-24 weeks
When do the lungs have type 2 alveolar cells that produce surfactant?
Week 23
When does some surfactant become present and now there is official potential for gas exchange?
Week 28
When does the amount of surfactant increase in the lungs?
28-32 weeks
How many branches and alveoli do newborns have?
17 branches
150 million alveoli
How many branches and alveoli do 4 year olds have?
23 branches
300 million alveoli (same number as adults but size will increase as they grow)
What are some characteristics of newborn respiration?
Narrower airways and a higher larynx (leads to increased work of breathing)
Why do children have less efficient chest wall mechanics?
Horizontal angulation of ribs
Minimal intercostal spaces
What are potential sources of upper airway obstruction in children?
Tonsils and adenoids
What are some considerations of the lungs when it comes to preterm infants?
Poor lung compliance (low surfactant)
Persistent pulmonary hypertension (right to left shunting through ductus arteriosus)
What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Chronic inflammation and destruction of airways, lung parenchyma, and alveolar capillary membrane
What does bronchopulmonary dysplasia result in?
Chronic obstruction pulmonary defect and hypoxia
What changes due to bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Intrathoracic pressure and cardiac pre and after load
Why does hypertrophy of right ventricle occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Right ventricle works harder to push blood
What are the pediatric conditions that impair ventilation?
Asthma
Cystic fibrosis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Congenital structural abnormalities
Pulmonary infections
MSK impairments
NMS impairments
What are pediatric conditions that impair respiration?
Interstitial lung disease
Congestive heart failure
Sickle cell anemia
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What is the most frequent cause of death with sickle cell anemia?
Acute chest syndrome
