Chp 3 Dermatology/Integumentary System

Question 1

What is the integumentary system?

Answer 1

a large, flexible body system that covers most of the surface of the body.

Question 2

What structures are included in the integumentary system?

Answer 2

the skin, nails, and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 3

What are the two layers of the skin?

Answer 3

epidermis and the dermis.

Question 4

What is the epidermis?

Answer 4

The thin, outermost layer of the skin, categorized as epithelium and made up of epithelial tissue.

Question 5

What is keratin and what layer is it in?

Answer 5

Keratin is a hard, fibrous protein that forms a protective layer in the epidermis squamous (superficial) layer

Question 6

What is exfoliation?

Answer 6

Exfoliation is the process of shedding dead skin cells from the surface of the epidermis.

Question 7

What is the basal layer and what is it composed of?

Answer 7

living cells that are in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Question 8

What are melanocytes?

Answer 8

Melanocytes are pigment cells in the epidermis that produce melanin.

Question 9

What is the dermis?

Answer 9

a thicker layer beneath the epidermis, categorized as connective tissue.

Question 10

What does the dermis contain?

Answer 10

collagen, elastin, arteries, veins, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles.

Question 11

What is collagen?

Answer 11

a protein fiber in the dermis that makes it firm.

Question 12

What is elastin?

Answer 12

an elastic fiber in the dermis that makes it flexible.

Question 13

What is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 13

The skin

Question 14

What does the integumentary system do?

Answer 14

provides protection, repair, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and thermoregulation.

Question 15

What is the role of the integumentary system in homeostasis?

Answer 15

provides information about how well the body is maintaining homeostasis.

Question 16

What does the epidermis not contain?

Answer 16

Blood vessels

Question 17

What structures are found in the dermis?

Answer 17

The dermis contains sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles.

Question 18

What lies beneath the dermis?

Answer 18

The subcutaneous tissue, a type of connective tissue, lies beneath the dermis.

Question 19

What hormone causes melanocytes to produce melanin?

Answer 19

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland in the brain causes melanocytes in the skin to produce melanin.

Question 20

Do all races have the same number of melanocytes?

Answer 20

Yes, all races of people have the same number of melanocytes in the skin. (BUT differences in skin color occur because of differing levels of melanin production)

Question 21

What causes differences in skin color?

Answer 21

Differences in skin color occur because of differing levels of melanin production.

Question 22

What is the effect of sun exposure on melanin production?

Answer 22

Exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays increases the rate of melanin production, which produces a suntan.

Question 23

What is the function of melanin in the epidermis?

Answer 23

Melanin in the epidermis absorbs ultraviolet light from the sun to protect DNA in the skin cells from undergoing genetic mutation.

Question 24

What are sebaceous glands also known as?

Answer 24

Sebaceous glands are also known as oil glands.

Question 25

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 25

Sebaceous glands secrete a substance called sebum (oil).

Question 26

What is the role of sebum?

Answer 26

Sebum coats the hair shaft and moisturizes the surface of the skin.

Question 27

What are sudoriferous glands?

Answer 27

sweat glands, located in the dermis and are a type of exocrine gland.

Question 28

What do sudoriferous glands secrete?

Answer 28

sweat through a duct that ends at a pore on the surface of the skin.

Question 29

What does sweat contain?

Answer 29

Sweat contains water, sodium, and small amounts of body wastes such as ammonia, creatinine, and urea.

Question 30

What gives sweat its salty taste?

Answer 30

The sodium in sweat gives it its salty taste.

Question 31

Why does sweat have an odor?

Answer 31

No, sweat is odorless, bacteria on the skin digest it, and their waste products produce the odor associated with sweat.

Question 32

What is the process of producing sweat called?

Answer 32

diaphoresis

Question 33

What is perspiration?

Answer 33

sweat

Question 34

Where do hair cells form?

Answer 34

form within a hair follicle in the dermis.

Question 35

What makes the hair shaft strong?

Answer 35

keratin

Question 36

What is piloerection?

Answer 36

when hairs stand up, usually in response to cold or strong emotions.

Question 37

What colors hair?

Answer 37

Melanin from melanocytes colors the hair.

Question 38

What is the difference between dark hair and blond/red hair?

Answer 38

Dark hair contains melanin, while blond and red hair contain a variant of melanin that has more sulfur, giving it a yellow or red appearance.

Question 39

What happens to hair during chemotherapy?

Answer 39

their hair because the drug kills rapidly dividing hair cells.

Question 40

What is lanugo?

Answer 40

Lanugo is the very fine hair that covers a fetus in the uterus at 10 weeks of age.

Question 41

What changes occur in hair during adolescence?

Answer 41

additional hair grows on the face and in the axillary and pubic areas, signaling the onset of sexual maturity.

Question 42

What happens to hair as a person ages?

Answer 42

As a person ages, melanocytes stop producing melanin, leading to gray or white hair, thinning, or complete absence of hair.

Question 43

What do nails do?

Answer 43

Nails cover and protect the ends of the fingers and toes from injury.

Question 44

What is the nail plate made of?

Answer 44

The nail plate consists of dead cells that contain keratin.

Question 45

Where is the nail root located?

Answer 45

The nail root is located beneath the skin of the finger or toe.

Question 46

What is the lunula?

Answer 46

The lunula is the visible white, half-moon shape at the base of the nail.

Question 47

What is the cuticle?

Answer 47

a layer of dead cells that lies along the base of the nail.

Question 48

What does the nail root produce?

Answer 48

The nail root produces living cells that form the lunula.

Question 49

What happens to the cells produced by the nail root?

Answer 49

As those cells grow, they die and harden to form the nail plate.

Question 50

What is the function of the nail plate?

Answer 50

The nail plate is the protective covering on the distal end of the finger or toe.

Question 51

What is the nail bed?

Answer 51

The nail bed, or quick, is beneath the nail plate and contains nerves and blood vessels.

Question 52

What gives the nail plate its color?

Answer 52

Blood vessels in the nail bed give the nail plate its color, which is normally pink.

Question 53

What color can the nail plate become if oxygen levels decrease?

Answer 53

The nail plate can become bluish-purple in light-skinned individuals or whitish-gray in persons of color.

Question 54

How can hair express a person's identity?

Answer 54

Hair can demonstrate religious, racial, lifestyle, sexual orientation, or life situation identities.

Question 55

What are some causes of lack of hair?

Answer 55

Lack of hair can be caused by chemotherapy, alopecia, aging, or personal choice.

Question 56

What is subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 56

The subcutaneous tissue (SQ, subcu, subQ) is directly beneath the dermis and is composed of connective tissue and adipose tissue.

Question 57

What are lipocytes?

Answer 57

cells in adipose tissue that store fat as an energy reserve for the body.

Question 58

What functions does subcutaneous tissue serve?

Answer 58

It cushions the body, protects internal organs, and assists with conserving body heat.

Question 59

How does the thickness of subcutaneous tissue vary?

Answer 59

The thickness can be thin or several inches thick depending on a person's metabolism, dietary intake, and the amount of fat stored in lipocytes.

Question 60

What does 'adipose' refer to?

Answer 60

Adipose refers to fatty tissue, derived from 'adip/o-' meaning fat and '-ose' meaning full of.

Question 61

What is the significance of subcutaneous tissue in pediatrics?

Answer 61

In infants, the subcutaneous tissue has a thick layer of fat that conserves body heat and protects internal organs.

Question 62

How does subcutaneous tissue change in geriatrics?

Answer 62

In older adults, the subcutaneous tissue thins, leading to sagging skin, wrinkles, and visible arteries and veins.

Question 63

What effect does smoking have on the skin?

Answer 63

Smoking decreases oxygen levels in the skin and destroys collagen, causing deep wrinkles and a leathery quality.