Chp 6: Memory

Question 1

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (5)

Answer 1

Receptor for the neurotransmitter glutamate

• Glutamate being the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
• Receptor found throughout the brain
• Highly concentrated in the hippocampus
• Important receptor participating the physiological basis of learning and memory - long-term potentiation - LTP

Question 2

Early Study of Memory (3+3)

Answer 2

Suggested widely distributed encoding and storage of information

• identify locations of learned habits
• Lesions to neocortex
• Severing neural pathways

Examine:

• Maze way finding
• Puzzle manipulation (door opening)
• Visual discriminations

Question 3

Early Study of Memory: Conclusions from this research… (3)

Answer 3

No one part of the brain on the neocortex damage cause issue to learning and memory

Seemed to be more widespread damage was: the more issues/ impairments exist

• supports the notion that learning and memory happen over distributed systems

Question 4

1953 - Patient HM - Surprising Result (5)

Answer 4

Great surprise, when following the removal of a particular region of the brain, the result was

• elimination of the patient’s ability to complete his own autobiography
• Lost the ability to lay down new memories
• Generalised epileptic seizures
• Growing progressively worse in severity and frequency
• High doses of medication not helping

Was seen by Dr. William Scoville

Question 5

Lobectomies

Answer 5

Take off the medial temporal lobes bilaterally (on both sides)

Question 6

Retrograde memory impairment

Answer 6

forgetting memories in the past

Question 7

Anterograde memory impairment

Answer 7

inability to form new memory

Question 8

Consequence of HM’s surgeries

Answer 8

• As a treatment for epilepsy, quite effective
• However, severe anterograde memory impairment was presented

Quite alarming to Scoville, who contacted neurosurgeon, Dr. Wilder

Question 9

Dr. Brenda Milner and HM (3)

Answer 9

• Examined HMs memory deficits resulting from bilateral removal of his medial temporal lobes
• Global Anterograde Amnesia - numerous aspects of his ability to learn and remember are affected
• Impaired in spatial/topographical learning about the events occurring

Question 10

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Retrograde Amnesia (2)

Answer 10

Time-dependent retrograde amnesia

• Severity of injury determines how far back in time amnesia extends

Question 11

Theories of Retrograde Amnesia (3)

Answer 11

• System Consolidation Theory
• Multiple-trace Theory
• Reconsolidation Theory

Question 12

System Consolidation Theory (3)

Answer 12

• Role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain
• Accounts for preservation of old memories
• As more damage occurs, the more old memories will be lost

Question 13

Multiple-trace Theory (Cabeza & Moscovitch) (5)

Answer 13

Three kinds of memory for events:

• Autobiographic memory: Hippocampus
• Factual semantic memory: Temporal Lobe
• General semantic memory: other cortical areas
• Each type is dependent on a different brain area
• Old memories are more resistant to amnesia because they change location in the brain as they are recalled

Question 14

Autobiographic Memory Might be re-transcribed

Answer 14

eg. Autobiographic mem is actually in temporal lobe into semantic
- Like when ur fam tells you about what you’ve done in the past

Question 15

Reconsolidation Theory (Haubrich & Nader) (2)

Answer 15

• A memory reenters a labile phase when it is recalled and is then restored as a new memory
• Results in many different traces for the same event

Question 16

Not all memory was obliterated following HMs surgery (2)

Answer 16

• Skills (motor learning)
• Mirror drawing task

Question 17

Priming and a task example (2)

Answer 17

• A stimulus is used to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus
• The Gollin Incomplete- Figures Test

Question 18

Multiple Memory Systems (Brenda Milner)

Answer 18

based on evidence that different kinds of information are processed and stored in different parts of the brain:

Short term
Long term:

• Declarative
• episodic
• semantic
• Non-declarative
• Procedural
• Priming, conceptual learning
• simple classical conditioning
• non-associative learning

Question 19

Impairments in Implicit Memory
J.K. - Born 1914 (4)

Answer 19

Petroleum engineer 45 yrs
Mid 70s Parkinson’s symptoms

• Implicit memory deficits
• Forgot how to turn on lights
• Tried to use tv remote to turn off the radio
• Preserved memory for events and new experiences

Question 20

Explicit Memory - HM (3) Residual, and brain part

Answer 20

HM - had some residual memory
(Letting ppl in faster)
- People around him, researchers become familiar
- His own reflection as an older man becomes familiar
- Familiarity encoding in a remaining part of his medial temporal lobe- Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 21

Neural Substrates of Explicit Memory: Where? (1)

Answer 21

Herbert Petri and Mortimer Mishkin

• Temporal-frontal lobe: neural basis for explicit memory

Question 22

Anatomy of the Hippocampus: Ammon’s horn

Answer 22

1st C:
Dentate gyrus: projects to Ammon’s horn

2nd C:
Ammon’s horn

Question 23

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Granule Cells (3)

Answer 23

• Stellate cells of the dentate gyrus
• “sensory” cells

Star shaped: stellate cells, afferent info

Question 24

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Pyramidal Cells

Answer 24

• Cells of Ammon’s horn
• “Motor” cells

Ammon’s horn: big pyramidal cells

Question 25

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Perforant Pathway

Answer 25

Connection between the hippocampus and the posterior neocortex input pathway

Question 26

Anatomy of Hippocampus: Fimbria-fornix

Answer 26

Connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and the hypothalamus Output, move info forward

Question 27

Damage to the hippocampus: Studies of hippocampal patients demonstrate four conclusions: (4)

Answer 27

- Anterograde deficits are more severe - Episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories - Autobiographic memory is especially affected - Patients cannot time travel to the past or future

Question 27

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Right Temporal Cortex (3)

Answer 27

- Removal leads to deficits on face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning - Visually Guided Stylus Maze - Corsi Block-Tapping Test

Question 28

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Left Temporal Cortex (3)

Answer 28

- Removal leads to deficits in recall of word lists, recall of consonant trigrams, and on the Hebb Recurring-Digits test - Hebb Recurring-Digits test: Remember Digits - Learning- acquisition curve

Question 29

Hemispheric Specialization for Explicit Memory: Frontal Cortex (3)

Answer 29

Left Prefrontal Cortex - Encodes semantic and episodic information Right Prefrontal Cortex - Retrieves episodic information HERA pattern - Hemispheric Encoding and Retrieval Asymmetry

Question 30

Explicit memory formation: information coming into the temporal lobe (order) (5)

Answer 30

Please Eat Dirty CatS Order of information transmission: 1) Parahippocampal cortex 2) Entorhinal cortex 3) Dentate gyrus; first part of the hippocampus 4) CA4 (Ammon's Horn: other component of the hippocampus) 5) subiculum

Question 30

Hippocampus in explicit memory formation (2) the two special parts in it

Answer 30

Dentate gyrus; first part of the hippocampus CA4 (Ammon's Horn: other component of the hippocampus)

Question 31

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory, and order (4)

Answer 31

NBVP- Never Be Villainous Penis Circuit for implicit memory - Neocortex and basal ganglia 1) Rest of the neocortex (Sensory and motor cortex) 2) Basal ganglia (substantia nigra: dopamine) 3) Ventral thalamus 4) Pre-motor cortex

Question 32

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Basal Ganglia (3)

Answer 32

- Huntington’s chorea - Loss of cells in the basal ganglia - Leads to deficits on tests of implicit memory

Question 33

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Motor Cortex (2)

Answer 33

- Activated during learning of the Pursuit-Rotor Task - Acquisition of implicit knowledge requires a reorganization of the motor cortex

Question 34

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory: Cerebellum (2)

Answer 34

- Plays a role in classical conditioning - Lesions to the cerebellum abolish conditioned responding to a puff of air to the eye