Chp 7 Spatial

Question 1

Test for spatial

Answer 1

Block Design Test: Recreate the picture

Question 2

Space which hemisphere

Answer 2

• right hemisphere

Question 3

Types of Spatial Behaviour (3)

Answer 3

1) Topographic Memory
2) Cognitive Maps

• Distal: lie beyond our fingertips,
• Related to topographic memory/ cog maps

3) Mental space/ time travel

Question 4

Spatial Disturbances, impairments emerged (4)

Answer 4

• Many clinical reports of topographic disorientation following brain injury

Many different impairments can emerge:

• Not being able to draw the spatial arrangement of office, home, well-known buildings
• Some patients can draw maps, but become confused when actually trying to navigate the environment itself
• Other patients navigate routes, but can not produce maps of the successfully navigated areas

Question 5

Topographic disorientation

Answer 5

gross disability in finding ones way about – sometimes even in previously familiar locations

Question 6

Agnosia

Answer 6

is a rare disorder characterized by an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons

Question 7

Amnesia

Answer 7

refers to the loss of memories, including facts, information and experiences

Question 8

Lesion in posterior parietal (4)

Answer 8

Impairment: Egocentric disorientation

• Difficulty perceiving relative location of objects with respect to the self
• Impairments in visuospatial tasks
• Mental rotation and judging distance between objects

Question 8

Lesion in Posterior cingulate (4)

Answer 8

Impairment: heading disorientation

• Can recognize landmarks, Relations to landmarks, and describe where they want to go
• But unable to set a course
• No “sense of direction”

Question 9

Lesion in lingual gyrus (4)

Answer 9

Impairment: Landmark agnosia

• unable to represent appearance of prominent landmarks

Can recognize environmental features (schools, houses, shops, postoffice)

• but can’t use landmarks to guide movement

Question 10

Lesion in parahippocampal gyrus (2)

Answer 10

Impairment: anterograde disorientation

• fine in familiar locations
• inability to learn the layout of new places

Question 11

Lesion in Hippocampus (3)

Answer 11

Impairment: Spatial-mapping or memory deficit

• anterograde and retrograde amnesia, especially for rich spatial details
• Not having a rich and fully developed rotatable map of the space surrounding you

Question 12

London Taxi Drivers & Eleanor Maguire (5)

Answer 12

Official London taxi drivers must train for as long as 4 years and pass stringent examinations of spatial knowledge before receiving a licence

*Using PET superimposed onto MRI structural scan

• what is the shortest legal route?
• peak activation in the right hippocampus

*Second study using structural MRI

• taxi drivers had large posterior hippocampal areas on both right and left
• controls had larger anterior hippocampal areas
• Right posterior hippocampus increased in size as a function of years spent as a taxi driver
• Suggestion is that the mental map is located in the right posterior hippocampus

Question 13

Virtual Morris Water Maze (3)

Answer 13

Younger participants show activation in hippocampus (HC), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC).

Elder participants
- traversed a longer distance in locating platform
- showed reduced fMRI activation in HC and PHG.

Question 14

Boundary Extension (3)

Answer 14

Subjects tend to remember having seen a greater expanse of a scene than was shown in a photograph.

No damage in brain: extend the boundary

Hippocampal amnesics

• don’t show boundary extension
• Scene construction theory of hippocampal function
• copy picture more accurately

Question 15

Ian Water Case

Answer 15

Lost his body space, No propioception

• Force new link between mind and muscle

Visualise movement, can make his body perform it

• Eyes need to tell what his limbs were doing
• “Sensory substitution”
• compensates by neurooplasticity