chp 7 Flashcards by Ghazal Omar

glucose and fructose are an example of wt carbohydrates

monosacchrides

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wt do we call OH group

hydroxyls

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aldeyde group

CHO

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ketone gorup

C=O

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glucose is an example of which monosachrides

aldehyde

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fructose is which type of monosachrides ?

ketone

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how many carbons does glucose has ?

6 carbons

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wdym by ismoers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

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Glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose are examples of wt ?

ismoers

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D-glucose vs D-galactose are an example of which isomer ?

Epimers

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D-glucose vs L-glucose are an example of which ismoer ?

Enantiomers

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D-glucose vs D-mannose are an example of which

Diastereomers , epimers

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when do sugars form rings

Sugars with 4 or more carbons mostly exist in cyclic form in water

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why do they form ring sometimes
?

Because the aldehyde or ketone group on one end
reacts with a hydroxyl group (–OH) on another carbon

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if the OH is down wts it called

alpha (α)

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if the OH is up wts it called

beta (β)

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What’s the difference between furanose and pyranose?

Furanose = 5-membered ring

Pyranose = 6-membered ring

Fructose often forms furanose, glucose often forms pyranose.

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Mutarotation

When you put a sugar like glucose in water, it can change between 3 forms

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Aldehyde group (–CHO) after oxidation becomes wt ?

Aldonic acid

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The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups can undergo
several chemical reactions

oxidation, reduction,
isomerization, esterification, glycoside formation, and
glycosylation reactions

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If the top of the sugar (the –CHO group) is oxidized it becomes wt ?

aldonic acid

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If the bottom –CH₂OH is oxidized it becomes wt?

uronic acid

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If you add hydrogen to the sugar’s –CHO or =O group becomes wt ?

it becomes a sugar alcohol

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if we add a hydrogen to the glucose , it becomes wt?

Sorbitol

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Isomerization

This is when the sugar changes form but keeps the same formula.

Esterification

The –OH groups of sugar react with acids forming esters

Esterification is important in wt

Important in joint tissues and cell membranes

Glycoside formation

Normally, the sugar ring has an anomeric carbon that is reactive (hemiacetal or hemiketal). If you react it with an alcohol, you get a glycosidic bond and a glycoside.

Mannose is reduced , it becomes wt?

mannitol

where can we find sorbitol or mannitol ?

used in food and medicines (to keep moisture, sweeten products, etc.)

example of a lactone

vitamin C

lactone formation

the new acid (aldonic or uronic) can react with its own –OH group

what connect sugars in disaccharides (like sucrose) and polysaccharides (like starch or cellulose).

glycosidic bonds

vitamin C lactone is an example of which reaction ?

oxidation

sorbitol is an example of which reaction ?

reduction

Sulfate/carboxyl esters is formed in which reaction ?

esterfications

glycosylation is controlled by wt ?

enzymes

Glycosylation

A sugar is added to a protein or lipid

A sugar sticks randomly to a protein wts this

Glycation

where can we find glycation

in diabetes

Glycosylationis essential for wt ?

proper protein folding and function.

wt do we call the enzyme that helps the attach of sugar to a proteein in glycosylation ?

glycosyltransferases help attach sugars using: O-glycosidic bonds (to oxygen atoms) N-glycosidic bonds (to nitrogen atoms)

When a sugar is added to a protein in your body during hormone or enzyme production — that’s?

glycosylation

Glycation can further form wt ?

AGEs (Advanced Glycation End-products)

Glycation Starts by forming a

Schiff base, which rearranges into a stable structure called an Amadori product.

Known as dextrose

Glucose (D-Glucose)

Called fruit sugarsed as a sweetener in food. Sperm use it as an energy source.

Fructose (D-Fructose)

Needed to make lactose, glycoproteins, glycolipids,

Galactose

A genetic disorder called galactosemia results from the inability to metabolize it.

galactose

D-glucuronic acid an example of who ?

Uronic Acids

function of D-glucuronic acid

helps the liver remove toxins by making them more water-soluble.

Glucosamine & Galactosamine an example of wt ?

Amino Sugars

2-deoxy-D-ribose and fucose are examples of wt ?

deoxy sugars

Deoxy Sugars wdwm

Monosaccharides that have an –OH replaced by an –H or –CH3

Amino Sugars is replaced with wt ?

in amino sugars, a hydroxyl group (usually on carbon 2) is replaced with an amine group

Disaccharides wdwm

Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond

lactose is considered disaccharides or mono ?

dis

Maltose is considered disaccharides or mono ?

disacchrides

a(1,4) is found where

Maltose Starch Glycogen

a(1,4) enzymes can break this bond for ?

energy

lactase function

breaks this bond in our intestines

is lactose considered a reducing sugar >?

yes

maltose

is an intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

Cellobiose found in ?

From cellulose 🪵

Enzyme that digests cellobiose

β-glucosidase

Glucose + Glucose β(1→4) who r we talking abt ?

Cellobiose

Galactose + Glucose β(1→4) who r we talking abt ?

Lactose

sucrose made of ?

Glucose + Fructose

Linkage: α,β(1→2) for who ?

Sucrose

sucrose is a non-reducing sugar true of false

very true

which disacchrides can u find in cane sugar ?

sucrose

wdym by both anomeric carbons ?

It’s the carbon that used to be the carbonyl group (C=O) before the sugar closed into a ring. In glucose, that’s carbon number 1. In fructose, it’s carbon number 2.

Polysaccharides

These are large chains of sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Glycans

These are large chains of sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Oligosaccharides

are short chains made of 10 to 15 monosaccharides (simple sugar units) linked together.

polysacchrides

If there are hundreds or thousands, it's a polysaccharide.

O-linked in the oxygen comes from which amino acid

serine or threonine

two classes of Polysaccharides

Homoglycans – only one type of sugar Heteroglycans – more than one type of sugar

found in fungi cell walls and insects’ shells.

Chitin

main part of plant cell walls.

Cellulose

plants’ energy storage, major carb in human food.

Starch

Amylose linked by ?

α(1→4)

Amylopectin linked by ?

α(1→4) and α(1→6)

wt energy source is found in liver an muscles ?

glycogen

who is more branched glycogen or amylopectin

glycogen

Structural polysaccharide in plants Made of D-glucose linked by β(1→4) bonds who ?

Cellulose

Unbranched, forms microfibrils (strong sheets) who ?

cellulose

Used in fiber, wood, paper, textiles Humans can’t digest who ?

cellulose

Heteroglycans types

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Glycolipids GPI anchors

Important in connective tissues and cell membranes

poly hetero

GAGS

These are long linear chains of repeating sugar units:

5 common types: of gags

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate Dermatan sulfate Heparin/heparan sulfate Keratan sulfate

great for cushioning and structure (like in cartilage). who ?

Gags because they hold lots of water

🧬 Glycoconjugates

These are sugar + protein or lipid combinations.

Glycoconjugates. Two main types:

Proteoglycans andGlycoproteins

Contain mostly carbohydrate (up to 95%). Made of core proteins + many GAGs (via N or O linkages). who ?

Proteoglycans

which Glycoconjugates Found in: Cartilage Extracellular matrix

Proteoglycans

example of proteoglycans ?

Aggrecan

Roles of proteoglycans

tructure Cell signaling Disorders like Hurler’s syndrome (enzyme deficiency leads to GAG buildup).

Glycoproteins

Protein + smaller carbohydrate chains

how is sugar attched in Glycoproteins

Sugar attached via N- or O-linkages

where is glycoproteins made in ?

Made in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

O-glycan synthesis mainly happens

golgi

roles of glycoproteins

Hormones Receptors Enzymes Cell adhesion Found in blood, membranes, and secretions

chp 7 Flashcards

(105 cards)