lipids

Question 1

main function of lipids

Answer 1

energy

Question 2

fats, oils , phospholipids , steroids and carotenoids are all considered wt ?

Answer 2

lipids

Question 3

lipids dissolve in water ?

Answer 3

they dont dissolve

Question 4

Fatty acids are found in two main places

Answer 4

fats and phospholipids

Question 5

wt do fatty acids do in the phospholipids

Answer 5

These build the walls of your cells (called cell membranes)

Question 6

palmitic acid and stearic acid are saturated or unsatured ?

Answer 6

saturated

Question 7

oleic acid, linoleic acid , a-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are saturated or non saturated ?

Answer 7

non saturated

Question 8

which fatty acids are solid and which is liquid ?

Answer 8

saturated fatty acids are solid and unsaturated are liquid

Question 9

Plants & Bacteria Make all fatty acids from

Answer 9

acetyl-CoA.

Question 10

Types of Essential Fatty AcidsOmega-6

Answer 10

Omega-6 and omega 3

Question 11

Linoleic acid is an example of which omega ?

Answer 11

6

Question 12

α-Linolenic acid is an example of which omega

Answer 12

3

Question 13

who is involved in inflammation & immunity.

Answer 13

Omega-6: Linoleic acid

Question 14

who is involved in cardioprotective.

Answer 14

omega 3

Question 15

Health Benefits of Omega-3 & 6:

Answer 15

↓ Triacylglycerols

↓ Blood pressure

↓ Platelet aggregation (less clotting)

Question 16

High levels of triacylglycerols can increase the risk of wt ?

Answer 16

heart disease

Question 17

fatty acids react with alcohol to form wt ?

Answer 17

esters

Question 18

hydrogenation wdym ?

Answer 18

Unsaturated Fatty Acids , they have double bond u can add hydrogen to remove the bond

Question 19

wt happens during hydrogenation

Answer 19

We try to turn liquid oils (unsaturated) into solid fats (like margarine) but sometimes instead of removing th double bond the shape of the bond changes from cis to trans.

Question 20

acylation

Answer 20

Some proteins have fatty acids stuck to them

Question 21

wt helps the protein to stick to the cell membrane

Answer 21

The fat

Question 22

Myristoylation adds wt ?

Answer 22

myristic acid

Question 23

Palmitoylation adds wt ?

Answer 23

palmitic acid

Question 24

Eicosanoids

Answer 24

They are messenger molecules made from fatty acids.

Question 25

3 Main Types of Eicosanoids

Answer 25

Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Question 26

causes pain, fever, inflammation which Eicosanoids

Answer 26

Prostaglandins

Question 27

help blood clot which Eicosanoids

Answer 27

Thromboxanes

Question 28

cause allergy and asthma effects which Eicosanoids

Answer 28

Leukotrienes

Question 29

autocrine is an example of wt ?

Answer 29

Eicosanoids

Question 30

Eicosanoids They are mostly made from

Answer 30

Arachidonic acid (ω-6 fatty acid) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (ω-3 fatty acid)

Question 31

fats are solid or liquid

Answer 31

solid and have a high staurated fatty acid

Question 32

Why Triacylglycerols Are Better Energy Storage Than Glycogen

Answer 32

1- they take up less space and has more energy

Question 33

Wax Esters are made of

Answer 33

Long-chain fatty acid + Long-chain alcohol → Wax ester

Question 34

carnuba example of wt ?

Answer 34

wax ester

Question 35

wt are the two types of phospholipids

Answer 35

phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelins

Question 36

phosphatidic acid and phosphoglyceride . wts the diff ?

Answer 36

phosphatidic acid has no alcohol

Question 37

phosphatidylinositol wt is it ?

Answer 37

It’s a phosphoglyceride that contains Inositol (a sugar alcohol)

Question 38

GPI anchor function

Answer 38

connects certain proteins to the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Question 39

The GPI anchor is made of:

Answer 39

Phosphatidylinositol (the fat in the membrane) A sugar chain A linker that ties the protein to the anchor

Question 40

What are Phospholipases

Answer 40

They are enzymes (tiny scissors) that cut phospholipids (fats in the membrane).

Question 41

hydrolyse the ester bonds at C1 and C2 of glycerol, respectively.

Answer 41

Phospholipases A1 (PLA1) and A2 (PLA2)

Question 42

can hydrolyse both the C-1 and the C-2 ester bonds

Answer 42

Phospholipase B (PLB)

Question 43

are phosphodiesterases that yield diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, respectively.

Answer 43

Phospholipases C (PLC) and D (PLD)

Question 44

emulsification

Answer 44

Bile salts break big fat globules into tiny droplets

Question 45

PLA₂ enzyme

Answer 45

It destroys your cells,

Question 46

q PLA₂ enzyme causes

Answer 46

Dead muscles Nerve damage Red blood cells to burst

Question 47

Bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) Causes

Answer 47

gas gangrene (your tissue dies and swells with gas

Question 48

Bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) makes a toxin called

Answer 48

α-toxin

Question 49

a toxin , wt does it do

Answer 49

This melts cells, so the bacteria can spread

Question 50

They are a type of lipid (fat) found in cell membranes of animals and plants.

Answer 50

Sphingolipids

Question 51

Tay-Sachs Disease cause by which enzyme

Answer 51

β-hexosaminidase A

Question 52

wt happens in tayy sachs

Answer 52

This enzyme normally breaks down GM2 ganglioside (a type of sphingolipid).

Question 53

They are a large group of molecules made of repeating units of isoprene (which has 5 carbon atoms)

Answer 53

Isoprenoids (also called terpenoids

Question 54

Monoterpenes where do we find it ?

Answer 54

Perfumes, essential oils

Question 55

Sesquiterpenes where do we find it

Answer 55

Citronella (mosquito repellent)

Question 56

Tetraterpenes where do we find it ?

Answer 56

Carotenoids (like in carrots)

Question 57

Monoterpenes name

Answer 57

b-carotenoids

Question 58

Mixed terpenoids consist of

Answer 58

nonterpene group attached to the isoprenoid group

Question 59

vitamin K and vitamin E are an example of wt terepnoid

Answer 59

mixed

Question 60

proteins are covalently attached to special lipid groups called

Answer 60

prenyl groups.

Question 61

Two common types of prenyl group

Answer 61

Farnesyl group (15 carbons = 3 isoprenes) Geranylgeranyl group 20 carbons = 4 isoprenes)

Question 62

Steroids made from

Answer 62

triterpenes6 isoprene units = 30 carbons

Question 63

Cholesterol used to make wt ?

Answer 63

Hormones (like estrogen & testosterone) Vitamin D Bile salts (for digestion)

Question 64

Steroids differ based on:

Answer 64

Where the double bonds are What groups are attached (e.g., OH, CH₃)

Question 65

Cardiac Glycosides

Answer 65

steroid-like molecules that affect the heart.

Question 66

Cardiac Glycosides wt do they do ?

Answer 66

they increase heart muscle contraction — helpful in heart failure.

Question 67

Ouabain effect

Answer 67

very toxic - blocks a key pump

Question 68

Digitalis (and Digitoxin) effect

Answer 68

Used as medicine for weak heart

Question 69

the body wraps the fats in wt to travel in blood

Answer 69

lipoproteins

Question 70

The protein part in lipoprotein wt do we call it ?

Answer 70

apolipoprotein

Question 71

which lipoprotiens are the biggest and least dense

Answer 71

chylomicrons

Question 72

chylomicrons made where

Answer 72

intestine

Question 73

Chylomicrons carry

Answer 73

Carry triacylglycerols & cholesteryl esters from food to tissues

Question 74

vldl is made where

Answer 74

in the liver

Question 75

vldl carry wt ?

Answer 75

lipids to tissues

Question 76

vldl turn into wt s they lose fat ?

Answer 76

ldl

Question 77

which lipoportien in called bad cholestrol

Answer 77

LDL

Question 78

which lipoprotein is called good cholestrol

Answer 78

HDL

Question 79

which lipoprotein cleans up extra cholestrol from blood and tissues and takes it back to the liver

Answer 79

HDL

Question 80

HDL Uses an enzyme called

Answer 80

LCAT

Question 81

LCAT function

Answer 81

collect and package cholesteryl estersand then hdl delivers them to the liver aand turns them into bile acids

Question 82

removes extra cholesterol = protects your heart. who ?

Answer 82

HDL