CNS Flashcards
(278 cards)
1
Q
when u slice a part of the brain what are the colors u get and wt do they represent ?
A
gray , consists of short , nonmyelinated neurons and
neuron cell bodies.
white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons with some
nonmyelinated axons
2
Q
wt gives the white matter its color ?
A
The dense
coating of fatty myelin is what gives white matter its color.
3
Q
who does the thinking part gray or white matter ?
A
gray
4
Q
hollow chambers deep within the brain
A
brain ventricles
5
Q
brain ventricles are filled with wt ?
A
CSF
6
Q
4 Types of Brain Ventricles:
A
Lateral Ventricles , Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
7
Q
how many lateral ventricles do we have ?
A
2 one in each side of ur brain
8
Q
They’re the first and biggest ventricles
who ?
A
Lateral Ventricles
9
Q
which ventricle is found in the middle of ur brain
?
A
third ventricle
10
Q
who connects the third to the fourth ventricle
A
cerebral aqueduct
11
Q
which ventricle connects to the spinal cord ?
A
fourth ventricle
12
Q
lets cerebrospinal fluid flow outside the brain to surround it which ventricle ?
A
fourth ventricle
13
Q
who Separates the left and right hemispheres.
A
Longitudinal fissure
14
Q
Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
A
transverse cerebral fissure
15
Q
Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
A
central sulcus
16
Q
Precentral gyrus wt does it do ?
A
controls movement
17
Q
Postcentral gyrus wt does it do ?
A
controls sensation
18
Q
On the inside, separating parietal from occipital lobe.
A
Parieto-occipital sulcus
19
Q
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes.
A
lateral sulcus
20
Q
Deep inside it is a hidden lobe called the insula who ?l
A
lateral sulcus
21
Q
frontal lobe is responsible for wt ?
A
Thinking, planning, movement
22
Q
Parietal lobe is responsible for wt ?
A
Touch, pressure, pain
23
Q
Temporal responsible for wt ?
A
Hearing & memory
24
Q
Occipital responsible for wt ?
A
Vision
25
insula lobe is responsible for wt ?
Deep feeling, taste, emotion
26
wt do we have inside the cerebral hemispheres ?
Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei
27
who is responsible for speaking ?
cerebral cortex
28
helps you understand language who ?
Wernicke’s area
29
helps you produce speech (move your mouth and form words) who ?
Broca’s area
30
Think
Be aware
Feel sensations
Speak
Remember
Move your body on purpose (voluntary movement) who is responsible for this ?
cerebral cortex
31
cerebral cortex is made from wt ?
Gray matter only
Neuron cell bodies
Dendrites
Glial cells
Blood vessels
32
When someone says “hi,” you know what it means
wernickes area
33
brain pictures that show which parts are active when you talk, move, or think.
PET & fMRI scans
34
motor areas control wt ?
control voluntrary movement
35
who controls voluntary movement
motor areas
36
deals with sensation which area ?
sensory area
37
handle integration and interpretation of sensory input and motor responses
Association Areas
38
left hemisphere controls which side of ur body ?
right side
39
wdwm by contralateral control ?
controling opposite sides
40
function of primary motor cortex ?
Controls precise voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
41
Contains pyramidal cells with long axons that form pyramidal tracts (also called corticospinal tracts) connecting to the spinal cord. who
primary motor cortex
42
Plans and sequences complex movements
premotor cortex
43
Uses sensory input to guide motor actions who ?
premotor cortex
44
brocas area is usually in which hemisphere ?
left
45
controls speech muscles
brocas area
46
does is the brocas area becomes active when u plan to speak or even think about other movements true or false
false
47
function of frontal eye field
controls voluntary eye movements
48
wdym by somatotopy ?
specific areas of the brain are responsible for moving specific body parts
49
if the primary motor cortex gets damaged wt happens
the muscles it controls becomes paralyzed
50
if the damage is in the right side of the brain wt happens ?
the left side of the body is paralyzed but reflexes still work
51
typing , playing piano .... who controls them ?
premotor cortex
52
if ur prmotor cortex was damaged wt happens
u can still move ur muscles but u lose the skill
53
who helps u recognize faces
?
association areas
54
location of somatosensory cortex
in the postcentral gyrus
55
function of Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Receives info from skin receptors (touch, pain, pressure).
Also gets info from proprioceptors (they tell your brain where your body parts are).
Helps you identify exactly where you’re being touched → this is called spatial discrimination.
56
spatial discrimination.
Helps you identify exactly where you’re being touched
57
somatosensory Association Cortex function
understand wt ur feeling
58
Visual Areas location
In the occipital lobe.
59
part of your brain that helps you see and understand what you’re seeing
visual cortex
60
Auditory Areas location
temporal lobe
61
damage to the primary visual cortex results in wt ?
functional blindness.
62
individuals with a damaged visual
association results in wt ?
can see, but they do not comprehend what
they are looking at.
63
Visual Association Area:
Helps you understand what you’re seeing (a flower, a face, etc.)
64
Vestibular Cortex
location
In the insula and parietal lobe.
65
Olfactory Cortex
Location:
medial temporal lobe, in a part called the piriform lobe.
66
Gustatory Cortex location
In the insula (deep inside, near the temporal lobe).
67
Visceral Sensory Area location
Near the gustatory cortex.
68
Multimodal Association Areas wdwm ?
These areas combine information from multiple senses and help you decide what to do
69
wt are the three types of multimodal areas ?
anterior association area , Posterior Association Area:
Limbic Association Area:
70
another name of anterior association area
prefrontal
71
Multimodal association cortex allows us to
1- give meaning to the info that we receive
2- store it in memory , tie it to the previous experience and knowledge
3- decides wt action to takw
72
Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex if this part gets damaged wt happens
1- u might make bad decisions
2- u might lose self - control
3- you might ignore social rules
73
🔹 Posterior Association Area if it gets damaged wt happens ?
You might ignore part of your body (usually the opposite side of the damage).
Example: You don’t wash your left arm, because you feel like it’s not your arm.
74
neglect syndrome
you mentally ignore part of your own body!
75
the cortex is which type of matter or color ?
grary
76
the white matter contains bundles of wt ?
myelinated nerve fibers to travel fast
77
wt are the three types of white matter fibers
association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers
78
which gray area in the diencephalon controls ur body automatically ?
hypothalamus
79
above the thalamus who ?
epithalamus
80
who has the pineal gland inside it ?
epithalamus
81
maletonin function
makes u sleepy at night
82
arcuate nucleus ?
controls hunger and appetite
83
dorsomedial nucleus
helps regulate emotions
84
posterior hypothalamic nucleus
helps increase body temp
85
lateral hypothalamic area
makes u feel hungry
86
ventromedial nucleus
makes u feel full after eating
87
mammillary bodies
helps u in memory and smell - related memory
88
causes of hypothalamus damage ?
tumors
radiation
surgery
trauma
89
functions of brain stem
controls automatic , survival behaviors
acts as a pathway
90
Two big pillars (like legs) on the front of the midbrain.
Cerebral Peduncles
91
they carry motor signals from the brain (cerebrum) down to the spinal cord — to make your body move.
Cerebral Peduncles
92
Bundles (groups) of fibers at the back of the midbrain.
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
93
They connect the midbrain to the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination).
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
94
wt do u have inside the midbrain
1- cerebral aqueduct
2- periaqueductal gray matter
95
A hollow canal running through the midbrain.
Cerebral Aqueduct
96
Connects the third ventricle (above) to the fourth ventricle (below).
Cerebral Aqueduct:
97
Cerebral Aqueduct separates
Ventral part (peduncles)
Dorsal part (tectum = roof of midbrain)
98
gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct.
Periaqueductal Gray Matter:
99
Function of Periaqueductal Gray Matter
Pain suppression (important in stopping pain signals).
Links to the amygdala (fear center) and ANS → triggers "fight-or-flight" responses.
Contains nuclei controlling cranial nerves III and IV:
100
Oculomotor nerve (III)
controls most eye movements.
101
Trochlear nerve (IV)
controls one eye muscle (superior oblique).
102
cerebral peduncles located one which side
located ventrally ( front side )
103
crus cerebri
a big motor tract carrying voluntary motor signals from the cerebrum down toward the spinal cord
104
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles location
located dorsally ( back side )
105
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles:
shu hadol
Fiber tracts that connect the midbrain to the cerebellum (which controls coordination and balance).
106
A hollow canal running through the midbrain.
Cerebral Aqueduct
107
Pain suppression (important in stopping pain signals).
who is responsible ?
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
108
109
largest midbrain nuclei
Corpora Quadrigemina
110
wt do we call the four bumps
Corpora Quadrigemina
111
Substantia Nigra is located where ?
Located deep under the cerebral peduncle.
112
Substantia Nigra is dark colored why ?
it has melanin used to make dopamine
113
function of substantia nigra
makes dopamine
linked to the basal nuclei
114
why is dopamine important in
imporant for smooth , controlled muscle movement
115
location of red nucleus
lies beneath the substantia nigra
116
why does the red nucleus looks reddish ?
rich blood supply
iron pigment inside neurons
117
function of red nucleus
acts as a relay station for motor pathways (especially helps with limb flexion — like pulling your arm)
part of the reticular formation (a system that helps regulate sleep, arousal, and filtering stimuli).
118
middle part of the brainstem
pons
119
located between midbrain and meduula oblongata
pons
120
Behind it (dorsally) is the fourth ventricle (a fluid-filled space).
pons
121
main function of pons
it acts like a bridge connecting diff parts of the brain
and it helps controling breathing rythm together
122
who connects right and left cerebellum ?
transvere fibers from the pons
123
parkinsons disease
a brain disorder that affects movement , it makes movements slow , shaky and stiff
124
Relay information between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
pontine nuclei
125
wt are the cranial nerves from pons
Trigeminal nerve (V) → face sensation & chewing muscles.
Abducens nerve (VI) → eye movement (lateral rectus muscle).
Facial nerve (VII) → facial expressions, some taste.
126
wt is directly above the spinal cord ?
medulla oblongata
127
function of pyramids in the medulla
Large motor tracts (corticospinal tract) carrying voluntary movement signals from brain to body.
128
pyramids function
large motor tracts carrying voluntary movement signls from brain to body
129
decusssation of pyramids function
the corssing point where motor fibers switch sides ( right brain controls left side )
130
olives function in medulla
contains inferior olivary nuclei
131
inferior olivary nuclei functions
sends info abt muscle and joint stretch to the cerebellum
132
Inferior cerebellar peduncle function
connects the medulla to the cerebellum
133
Cranial Nerves Associated with Medulla
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) → tongue movements.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) → swallowing, taste.
Vagus nerve (X) → controls heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) → balance (vestibular part) and hearing (cochlear part)
134
Sensory Nuclei in the Medulla:
Nucleus gracilis -- Receives touch and proprioception info from lower body.
nucleus cuneatus ---Receives touch and proprioception info from upper body.
medial lemniscus ---Pathway carrying sensory signals to the thalamus.
135
who Receives touch and proprioception info from upper body.
Nucleus cuneatus
136
Receives touch and proprioception info from lower body.
Nucleus gracilis
137
how is the hypothalamus and medulla related ?
the hypothalamus sends instructions to the medulla and medulla carries them out
138
the cerebellum is seperated from the cerebrum by wt ?
transverse cerebral fissure
139
wt is the function of the cerebellum ?
the cerebellum coordinates movements so it makes the movement smooth , balanced and precise like driving and typing
140
who connects the two sides of the cerebellum
vermis
141
Tiny folds or pleats on the cerebellum’s surface (just like wrinkled leaves). wt do we call it
follia
142
wt are the three lobes in the cerebellum
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
flocculonodular lobe
143
wt neuron do we have in the cerebellum ?
purkinje cells
144
wdym by purkinje cells
huge neurons with many branches
145
wt are the only neurons that send signals out of the cerebellar cortex ?
purkinje cells
146
the medial part in the cerebellum controls wt ?
movements of trunks
147
Intermediate parts in the cerbellum controls wt ?
limbs
148
lateral part in the cerebellum
Plans movements (before you do them) by working with the cerebral cortex.
149
Flocculonodular lobe
Balance and posture, by getting info from the inner ear (equilibrium).
150
where do we find Flocculonodular lobe
cerebellum
151
Peduncles
Bridges connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.
152
Superior cerebellar pedunclesconnects to
?
Midbrain
153
Superior cerebellar peduncles carries wt
Sends movement "blueprint" to cerebral cortex.
154
Middle cerebellar peduncles connects to
pons
155
Middle cerebellar peduncles carries wt ?
Brings voluntary movement info into the cerebellum.
156
Inferior cerebellar peduncles connects to ?
Medulla
157
Inferior cerebellar peduncles carries wt ?
Brings sensory info (body position and balance) into the cerebellum.
158
wt happens if the cerebellum is injured ?
movements become clumsy , unsteady and poorly coordinated as if ur drunk
159
wt does the cerebellum do acc ?
it compares wt the brain wants to do with whats acc happeningjust like in movementcontrol
160
"Little brain" that coordinates movements and balance.
Cerebellum
161
language uses which hemisphere ?
left hemisphere
162
wt are the two key language areas ?
brocas area and wernickes area
163
location of brocas area
left frontal lobe
164
wernickes area location
left temporal lobe
165
if there was a damage in the brocas area wt happens
u understand language , but cant speak well
166
wernickes area damage leads to?
you can speak fluently but the words dont make sense
167
who handles Tone of voice
Gestures
Emotion in speech
right side of the brain,
168
wdwm by declarative memory ?
names , dates , faces
169
which memory is responsible for the skills of playing piano ?
procedural memory
170
which memory is responsible for riding a bike
motor memory
171
which memory is responsible for the fear when u hear a snake hiss ?
emotional
172
How Do Memories Move from STM → LTM?
1- emotions - emotional moments release norepinephrine , which helps form strong memories
2- rehearsel
3- association -Connecting new info to something you already know helps you remember it.
4-Automatic Memory 🧠:Some memories form without trying.
173
norepinephrine helps in wt ?
helps form strong memories
174
Memory Consolidation (Making memories long-term) involves wt parts in the brain ?
Involves the hippocampus, temporal lobes, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex.
The brain organizes new info and stores it in the right places.
175
✅ Memory Consolidation (Making memories long-term):
does it take time ?
yes
176
Visual memory where is it stored ?
occipital lobe
177
Sound/music memory where is it stored ?
temporal lobe
178
facts concepts memory where is it stored ?
scattered across the cortex
179
Hippocampus damage: wt happens if one side or both sides are damaged
if one side is damaged small memory loss
if both sides are damaged then serious memory problem
180
🔻 Anterograde Amnesia
u cant make new memories , u remember the past but forget anything that happens now
181
Retrograde Amnesia
You forget things that happened before the injury (like your old school or friends).
182
how many layers of protection does the brain have ?
4
183
wt are the 4 layers of protection
1- bone - skull
2- meninges
3- CSF
4- blood brain barrier
184
how many layers of memninges do we have ?
3
185
which layer is the thickest in meninges ?
dura mater
186
which layer in the meninges is the middle layer ?
arachnoid mater
187
which layer in the meninges is the thinnest
?
pia meter
188
which layer of the dua mater is attched to the inside of the skull
periosteal layer
189
true outer covering of the brain , which layer of dura mater ?
meningeal layer
190
which layer of the dura mater is only found in the spinal cord ?
meningeal layer exists
191
wt do we call the space when the two layers of dura mater separate ?
dural venous sinuses
192
flax cerebri
Splits between the two cerebral hemispheres. (Attached to ethmoid bone.)
193
Falx cerebelli
Splits between the two halves of the cerebellum.
194
Tentorium cerebelli
Forms a "tent" over the cerebellum; separates cerebrum from cerebellum.
195
inflammation of the meninges.
Can be caused by
bacteria or viruses and can spread to brain tissue and cause encephalitis
196
wt do we call infalmmation of meninges
meningitis
197
Subdural space
between dura and arachnoid
198
Subarachnoid space
below the arachnoid
199
wdwm by Arachnoid granulations:
Tiny projections that poke into the superior sagittal sinus (one of the dural sinuses).
200
a clear, watery liquid around the brain and spinal cord.
CSF
201
CSF how does it help ?
Floats the brain
Acts as a cushion against blows.
Carries nutrients to the brain.
Helps move hormones and molecules across the brain.
202
CSF is made where ?
Choroid plexuses
203
wt does the csf consist of ?
More Na+, Cl−, H+
Less Ca²⁺, K⁺
Less protein than blood.
204
how does the csf flow in the brain ?
Lateral ventricles → third ventricle → fourth ventricle.
205
csf is Absorbed back into blood through
rachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus.
206
Hydrocephalus wdwm by that
water on the brain
207
wt happens when the csf builds up and cant darin properly
pressure increases
208
Hydrocephalus causes wt ?
blood clots , tumors , meningtis , trauma
209
Hydrocephalus how does it effect the adults
skull is hard , brain squeeed can be fatal
210
in babies Hydrocephalus how does it affect them ?
skull bones not fused so the head gets bigger
211
how is Hydrocephalus treated ?
a shunt is placed to drain Csf into bloodstream or abdominal cavity
212
how does the bbb protects the brain ?
tight junctions bw capillaries cells block harmful stuff
213
wt parts in our body dont have bbb
vomiting center to sense poisons
hypothalamus to check blood chemicals for body control
214
Star-shaped brain support cells that wrap around capillaries. They signal endothelial cells to stay tightly sealed.
Astrocyte Feet
215
216
Smooth muscle-like cells that help support the blood vessels and regulate their behavior.
Pericytes
217
They line brain blood vessels and are sealed together by tight junctions — so nothing leaks between cells.
Capillary Endothelial Cells
218
wt are the two types of brain injuries ?
focal injuries , diffuse injuries
219
wdym by focal injuries ?
Localized to one spot (e.g., bruises, bleeding).
220
Diffuse injuries
Spread over a wide area (e.g., concussion, diffuse axonal injury).
221
wdym by focal injuries contusion ?
Brain bruise (serious damage to brain tissue).
222
Focal Injuries Hematoma wdym ?
Blood clot in the brain → pressure builds up.
223
Diffuse Injuries- Concussion wdym ?
Temporary brain function change after a blow. Symptoms: dizziness, brief loss of consciousness.
224
Diffuse Axonal Injury wdym ?
Widespread nerve fiber tearing → severe disability, coma, or death.
225
bleeding inside brain spaces wt do we call it ?
Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
226
brain swelling wdwm ?
cerebral edema
227
how does cerebral edema
Fluid leaks into brain → increases pressure → can lead to death if untreated.
228
hematomas wdwm ?
(blood clots
229
which drug removes brain swelling and how
osmitrol remove brain swelling by pulling water out , but must be used carefully
230
What Happens in a Stroke
Blood flow to brain is blocked→ brain cells die because they lose oxygen and nutrients.
231
wt causes stroke
ischemia and hemorrhage
232
wt is ischemia
blocked blood flow
233
wt is hemorrrhage ?
bleeding in the brain compresses and damages brain tissues
234
Effects of Stroke:
Hemiplegia Paralysis on one side of the body.
Sensory deficits---- Loss of sensation.
Speech problems---- Trouble understanding or speaking words.
235
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs):
Mini-strokes → brief blood blockages
Warning signs of a future serious stroke.
236
Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs):
numbness, paralysis, speech issues for a few minutes.
237
Drug that dissolves clots.
tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
238
A device pulls the clot out of the blood vessel.
Mechanical clot removal
239
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Early Stage
Memory loss (especially recent events).
240
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) late Stage
Language loss, mood swings, confusion.
241
Senile plaques
Clumps of beta-amyloid protein between neurons.
242
Tau protein inside neurons twists into tangles → kills neurons. wts the problem ?
Neurofibrillary tangles
243
Misfolded proteins affect which areas in the brain
Hippocampus (memory)
Basal forebrain
Association cortex (thinking)
244
if the brain shrinks and acetylcholine producing neurons die wt happens ?
memory worsens
245
🌟 Parkinson’s Disease
Caused by death of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra.
246
Symptoms of 🌟 Parkinson’s Disease
tremor at rest "Pill-rolling" movement of fingers.
Shuffling gait Slow, small steps while walking.
Stiff face Expressionless look.
247
Treatment of 🌟 Parkinson’s Disease
L-Dopa drug: converts to dopamine inside the brain.
Deep brain stimulation: implanted electrodes shut down abnormal brain activity.
Future hope: gene therapy, stem cells.
248
🌟 Huntington’s Disease
Genetic disease → caused by mutant huntingtin protein.
249
Huntington’s Disease earl and late stage symptoms
Early
Jerky, dance-like movements (chorea). late Mental deterioration, death (within
250
Massive death of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex. which disease
Huntington’s Disease
251
Treatment of huntingtons
Drugs that block dopamine can reduce symptoms.
252
🧠 Diagnosing Brain Problems
Reflex Tests:
imple physical test (like knee jerk).
Abnormal results → might suggest serious issues (like bleeding, multiple sclerosis).
253
✅ Brain Scans:
CT/MRI Tumors, bleeding, dead tissue (infarcts), multiple sclerosis.
PET Scan Detects epileptic tissue and early Alzheimer’s disease.
254
spinal cord begins where
foramen magnum (base of the skull)
255
spinal cord is protected by three structures:
Bone (vertebrae)
Meninges (connective tissue layers)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
256
epidural space, contains wt ?
contains fat and veins.
257
The spinal cord ends at the
The spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris,
258
extensions of pia mater
denticulate ligaments,]
259
flattened front-to-back and has two grooves: the ventral median fissure and the dorsal median sulcus.
spinal cord
260
Gray matter (inside) is shaped like an "H" and includes:
Dorsal horns (interneurons)
Ventral horns (motor neurons to skeletal muscles)
Lateral horns (sympathetic motor neurons)
Gray commissure connects the two sides and surrounds the central canal.
261
spinal nerves. made from
Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form
262
Spinal gray matter is further divided into four zones:
Spinal gray matter is further divided into four zones:
Somatic sensory (SS)
Visceral sensory (VS)
Visceral motor (VM)
Somatic motor (SM)
263
White matter surrounds the gray matter and is composed of:
White matter surrounds the gray matter and is composed of:
Ascending tracts (sensory info to the brain)
Descending tracts (motor commands from brain to body)
Transverse tracts (connect opposite sides)
264
The white matter is organized into funiculi:how many types
Dorsal funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Ventral funiculus
265
Spinal cord injuries can cause:
Paresthesias (sensory loss)
Paralysis (motor loss)
266
Flaccid paralysis
ventral roots or spinal cord damage prevents impulses from reaching muscles → muscle atrophy.
267
Spastic paralysis
upper motor neuron damage → muscles stimulated irregularly → lack of voluntary control.
268
T1–L1 injury: causes
paraplegia (both legs paralyzed)
269
Cervical injury causes
quadriplegia (all four limbs paralyzed)
270
Hemiplegia causes
one side paralyzed (usually from brain injury)
271
Poliomyelitis
Caused by poliovirus (fecal–oral route)
Destroys ventral horn motor neurons → muscle paralysis, atrophy
May cause respiratory failure
Vaccines have nearly eliminated polio
Post-polio syndrome: muscle pain, weakness in survivors years later
272
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): other name
Lou Gehrig’s disease
273
arbor vitae refers to
cerebellar white matter
274
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
275
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid a nd pia
276
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
277
Sensory neurons have their cell bodies located in the
dorsal root ganglia, which are situated just outside the spinal cord.
278
basal nuclei function
Starting and stopping movements: They help begin or stop actions, like moving your hand or stopping a gesture.
Inhibiting unnecessary movements: They suppress unwanted or unnecessary motions (like shaking hands when you’re trying to stay still).
Playing a role in cognition and emotion: They are also involved in thinking and emotions, though that's not their main role.
