CHPT 1-6 Flashcards
(418 cards)
1
Q
microbiology def
A
study of microrganisms aka microbes
2
Q
what does ‘micro’ really mean
A
- m : microscopic
- I: independent
- c: complex
- r: rapid growth rates
- o: omnipresent (almost everywhere)
3
Q
prokaryotes meaning
A
before nucleus
4
Q
free floating DNA in a form of nucleiod is which type of microbe
A
prokaryotes
5
Q
which type of microbe has one circular DNA molecule
A
prokaryotes
6
Q
do prokaryotes have organelles
A
only have ribosomes!
7
Q
which microbe has a complex cell wall
A
prokaryotes
8
Q
how is the cell wall in prokaryotes damaged
A
antibiotics (penicillin)
9
Q
peptidoglycan (carbohydrate x protein) makes up ___ in prokaryotes
A
cell wall
10
Q
what type of cell division occurs in prokaryotes
A
simple
11
Q
which type of microbe is known as the true nucleus
A
eukaryote
12
Q
where is the DNA in eukaryote
A
nucleus (in chromosomes)
13
Q
which eukaryote have several organelles
A
eukaryote
14
Q
what is the cell wall made of in eukaryote microbes
A
- made of sugar
- little to no peptidoglycan
15
Q
mitosis and meiosis occurs in which type of microbe
A
eukaryote
16
Q
antibiotic- resistant infections are due to
A
- random mutation
- overuse + misuse
17
Q
what name is capitalized when naming and classifying microbes
A
genus
18
Q
specific epithet (2nd name) is
A
lower case
19
Q
emerging infectious diseases are
A
new diseases that changing and have a potential to increase
20
Q
zika virus disease (2015) is spread by
A
mosquitos
21
Q
what disease causes fetal defects
A
zika virus disease
22
Q
example of prokaryote
A
bacteria
23
Q
archaea and eubacteria are examples of
A
bacteria
24
Q
which type of bacteria is archaea
A
- ancient
25
archaea live in __
extreme environmental conditions
26
which type of bacteria's cell walls don't have peptioglycan
archaea
27
which bacteria never cause disease
archaea
28
eubacteria is
true bacteria that causes disease
29
examples of eurkaryote
- fungus
- algae
- protozoa
- viruses
- parasites
30
fungus structure is
unicellular or multicellular
31
does photosynthesis occur in fungus
no
32
malaria is an example of which eurokarytoe
protozoa
33
how do protozoa live?
free or as parasites (invade cells)
34
what eurkaryote are intracellular parasites
viruses
35
examples of viruses
- HIV
- Hepatitis
- Herpes
- Skin viruses (measles)
- SARs, MERs, coronavirus
36
who disapproved theory of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
37
fermentation
yeast involvement
38
what is an example of fermentation
yogurt and bread
39
what process involves heating things to avoid spoilage
pasteurization
40
germ theory of life
specific microbes might cause specific disease
41
a sequences of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease (diagnosis)
kochs postulates
42
who proved that bacterium causes anthrax
Robert koch
43
bacillus anthracis causes and was caused during 9/11
anthrax
44
Edward jenner formulated
vaccines using cow pox
45
immunity is known as
protection from disease by vaccination or recovery
46
proteins are
organic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, and S
47
what is essential in cell structure and function
proteins
48
denaturation is
the disruption of protein structures
49
fundamental building blocks of proteins is
amino acids
50
how many universal a.a are there?
20
51
what makes a.a universal
R side group
52
how many groups do a.a have
4 groups
53
how to form proteins
combining -ooh group of one and -h group of another and removing water
54
dehydration synthesis is
removing water
55
what is a bond b/w a.a called?
peptide bond
56
pleating or spiral of single chain is
the primary structure
57
which structure is 3D
a tertiary structure
58
examples of quaternary structure are
Hb and collagen
59
DNA is
genetic blueprint, that is made of nucleotides
60
DNA structure
double helix
61
a base, sugar, and phosphate make up
nucleotides
62
base = is made of
purine and pyrimidine
63
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) make up
purine
64
Pyrimidine is consists of
Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)
65
where is Uracil found
in RNA only (replaces T)
66
purine structure
double hexagons
67
what is deoxyribose
- O2 is removed from sugar's second C molecule
68
which C on the sugar molecule in DNA loses O to form deoxyribose
2nd C
69
how do you count the C on deoxyribose
clockwise
70
phosphate in DNAs charge
negative charge
71
what does the phosphate DNA not have
C and is inorganic
72
what has complete ribose sugar
RNA
73
does RNA have T?
no its replaced with U
74
what are the three types of RNA
mRNA, and tRNA, and rRNA
75
function of the three types of RNAs is
protein synthesis
76
colouring microbes w/ dyes that emphasize certain structures is known as
staining
77
chormophore of stain is
salts composed of + and - ions, one is coloured
78
preparing colourless bacteria against a coloured background
negative staining
79
what allows observing cell shape, sizes and capsules
negative staining
80
when are acidic dyes used
in anion (-)
81
which type of dye is more commonly used
basic dye
82
cation (+) use
basic dye
83
compound light microscope
has lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination
84
light source is known as
illuminator
85
lenses the light rays pass through is known as
condenser
86
resolution is
ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structures
87
measure of the light- bending ability of a medium
refractive index
88
differential stains =
- gram stain
- acid-fast stain
89
which stain uses a single basic dye
simple stain
90
function of mordant
- intensifies a basic dye
- holds the stains and coats the specimen to enlarge it
91
can mordant be used with heat
no
92
what are simple stains good for
shape, arrangement, size of specimen
93
differentital stains function
distinguishes b/w bacteria
94
what are the differential types of staining ?
- gram stain
- acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
95
which type of differential staining has 4 steps
gram stains
96
how many steps are in acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) staining `
3
97
what is the function of gram stains
classifies bacteria into G + or G -
98
how long does gram staining take?
less than 5 mins
99
1rst step in in gram stains is
using primary basic stain
100
when is crystal violet used
first step of gram staining.
101
when and why is mordant added in gram staining
2nd step to intensify purple
102
function of decoloring agent in gram staining
removes purple from G - species
103
3rd step in gram staining is
- adding a decoloring agent (95% ethanol or alcohol-acetone)
104
at which step is a counterstain added in gram staining
4th
105
which counterstain is used in gram staining
safranin (red)
106
what type of cell losing its purple colour during step 3 of gram staining
G -
107
Gram + cell colour after gram stain
purple
108
Gram - cell colour after gram stain
red/ pink
109
which differential stain takes 10-15 and why
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen), and because of heating
110
which differential stain detects TB and leprosy (mycobacteria)
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
111
when is carbolfuchsin (red) used
first step of acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) and flagella staining
112
2nd step of acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) consists of
decolorizing alcohol agent
113
what counterstain (step 3) is used in acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
methylene blue
114
what are G + cells that experience acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen) staining
TB cells or leprosy cells
115
when are G - cells blue
acid-fast (zeihl-neelsen)
116
what leaves G - cells colourless
decolonizing agent
117
colour of tb cells and leprosy
red
118
what type of stains colours parts of microbes (endospore, flagella or capsule)
special stains
119
what is a capulse
gelatinous covering of bacteria
120
what type of special stain colours the background and to the cells
capsule stain
121
first step of capsule stain
-acidic stain (India ink or nigrosin)
122
function of acidic stain
colour background
123
india ink and nigrosin are examples of
acidic stains
124
water wash functions as the
second step in capsules staining
- takes away extra stain
125
step 3 of capsule stain
use basic simple stain
126
what is the end result of a capsule stain
dark background, colourless cells, red bacterum
127
does the capsule pick up the stain
no, it forms a halo
128
when is malachite green/ primary basic stain used
first step of endospore (Schaefer-fulton)
129
how does malachite green stain
with 5 mins of heating
130
step 2 of endospore (Schaefer-fulton) stain is and function
water wash
- takes away from the rest of the cell
131
third step of endospore (Schaefer-fulton) stain is
counterstain with saphrine
132
green endospores and red cells are the result of
endospore (Schaefer-fulton) staining
133
how do G + not lose the OG staining colour for gram staining ?
iodine (mordant) can't leave the cell, it is too big
134
what are the different shapes of prokaryotes?
- spiral
- bacillus
- coccus
- coccobacillius
- pleomorphic
135
different spiral shapes are
- vibrio
- spirllium
- spirochete
136
curved rod is
vibrio
137
vibrio choleras shape is
vibrio- spiral
138
what causes watery, explosive diarrhea
vibrio choleras
139
spirillum structure is
rigid lil worm
140
thin flexible structure that moves with a flagella that curves around the body is
spirochete
141
which prokaryote shape can be used a scientific name or to describe a shape
bacillus
142
bacillus antharics structure is
single bacillus
143
diplobacilli are
bacillus dividing and sticking
144
a chain of bacillus aka
streptobacilli
145
structure of coccus
berry shapes; usually round, but can be oval, elongates or flat on one side
146
what is a single chain of cocci known as
streptococci
147
example of streptococci
streptococcus pyogensis aka strep throat
148
staphylococcus structure
a cluster of cocci
149
staphylococcus aureus causes
- skin infections (stye)
- Toxic shock syndrome
- food poisoning
150
structures of prokaryotes
- glycocalyx (capsule)
-flagellla
- fimbriae and pili
- axial filaments
- cell wall
151
what is the sugar coating on prokaryote
glycocalyx (capsule)
152
what is glycocalyx (capsule) made of
proteins + carbohydrates or just proteins
153
location of glycocalyx (capsule)
outside cell wall
154
when is glycocalyx (capsule) describes as smile layer
if the substance is unorganized and loosely attached
155
what helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment
extracellular polymeric substance
156
functions of glycocalyx (capsule)
- invade immune sys
- attach to human cells (cuz of stickiness)
- increase virulence (diseases causing capacity)
157
does glycocalyx (capsule) allow phagocytosis
no
158
what causes streptococcus mutants (cavity)
the stickiness the glycocalyx (capsule) have
- attracts sugar
159
what is virulence
diseases causing capacity
160
when does streptococcus pneumoniae cause pneumonia
only when it is covered by a capsule
161
what prokaryote structure allow bacterium movement
flagella
162
flagella structure
made of proteins
- filament
- hook
- basal body
163
filament structure
- hollow, tube like
- contain flagellin
164
what part of the flagella is stained
- filament
165
which flagella structure is wider
hook
166
hook function
- area where filament sits/ anchors filament to cell wall and plasma membrane
167
which filament structure is deep in the bacteria
basal body
168
2 screws or 2 pairs of the basal body can be found in
G - cells
169
which pair of the basal body is present in gram + cells
inner pair
170
inner pair of a basal body (G -) attaches to
plasma membrane
171
which pair of the basal body for G - cells attaches to the cell wall
outer pair
172
when a bacteria does not have a flagella it is called
atrichous
173
single wip is aka
monotrichous and polar
174
flagella is aka
a wip
175
amphitrichous and polar is
a wip on both sides of a Bacteria
176
a bundle of flagella on one side is known as
lophotrikhous and polar
177
peritrichous =
non polar
and flagella all around
178
what allows bacteria to move in a cork screw movement
axial filament aka endoflagela
179
what prevents spyhilis from touching the environment
- outershealth on axial filament aka endoflagela
180
which bacteria shape is axial filament aka endoflagela found on
- spirochete
- anchored at one end of a cell
181
function of frimbriae
allows attachment
182
what prokaryote structure transfers DNA between cells
pili (sex pili)
183
what is formed between 2 bacterial cells
a bridge / pili
184
structure of fimbriae
short and numerous
185
what bacertium has frimbriae that allow attachment to genital
neisseria gonorrhoea
186
what type of cells have Many frimbaie
G - cells
187
what causes antibiotic resistance in escheria coli
pili
188
problems in the GI tract are caused by
escheria coli (colon) (G - )
189
how do bacteria move?
running; if they hit smt, they will change direction (tumble)
190
what is taxis
movement of bacterium toward or away from stimuli
191
example of stimuli for bacteria
chemical (chemotaxis), light (phototaxis), O2, ribose and glucose
192
bacterium moving toward stimuli is known as
+ chemotactic signal called attractant
193
- chemotactic signal called repellant is
bacterium moving away from stimulus
194
what is the cell wall of a prokaryote made of
peptidogylcan aka murrain
195
function of the protein part of peptidogylcan
- hold cell wall tat
- tetrapeptide
196
how does one kill a bacteria cell using antibiotics
breaking apart the protein
197
what are two types glucose in peptidogylcan
N-acetylglucosamine acid (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
198
cell wall functions
- anchorage for flagella
- contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease
- site of action for some antibiotics
199
what does the gram + cell consist of
- many layers of PG
- teichoicacid
200
what provides much of the walls of G + cells antigenic specificity
teichoicacid
201
structure of teichoicacid
- large organic acid
- alcohol
- phosphate (PO4-)
202
what is the alcohol component of G + cell wall
- ribitol (long)
- glycerol (simple)
203
what are the two types of teichoic acid in the G + cell wall
- wall teichoic acid (short)
- lipo teichoic acid (long)
204
what type of teichoicacid is linked to PG and doesn't leave the cell wall (G + cells)
wall teichoic acid (short)
205
location of lipo teichoic acid (long) in G + cells
linked to plasma membrane
206
function teichoic acids
- allow recogniziton of bacteria in a lab
- draw in + ions, like Ca2+
- cel growth?
207
which G cell has 1-2 layers of PG and an outermsmbrane and an phospholipid bi-layer
Gram -
208
function of outer membrane in G - cells
- act as barrier to detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, certain dyes, antibiotics
209
what kind of charge does the G - cell wall have + function
- strong negative charge that evades phagocytosis
210
- lipoproteins
- porin channels
- lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
make up the phospholipid bi-layer cell wall in what type of bacterial cell
G -
211
function of lipoprotein
anchor
212
which phospholipid bi-layer in G - cell act as channels and allow nucleotides, peptides, amino acids, B12 and Fe through
porin
213
what is gel like fluid b/w outer membrane and plasma membrane
periplasm
214
break down of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in g -
lipo = lipid A
o-poly
Core polysaccharide
215
lipid A aka endotoxin function in G - cell wall
- release poison to harm when bacteria die
- cause fever, endotoxin shock, clotting
- diarrhea and vomiting
216
what is attached to lipid A in G - cell wall
Core polysaccharide (unusal sugar)
217
which component of LPS functions as an antigen
o-poly
218
function of periplasm
- contains degradative enzymes
- transport proteins
219
example of atypical cell walls
- acid-fast cell walls
- mycoplasma
- archaea
220
acid fast cells walls are found in which species
myobacterium
221
examples of mycobacterium
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- myobacterium leprae
222
what is bound to PG in acid-fast cell walls
- waxy, lipid extra layer of mycolic acid
223
can antibiotics penetrate mycolic acid ?
no
224
how long is the treatment for tb
9 months
225
which myobacterium treatment is 2 years
myobacterium leprae
226
which atypical cell wall has no cell wall and only plasma membrane with sterols
mycoplasma
227
function of sterols in plasma membrane
prevents lysis (rupture)
228
pleomorphic meaning
bacterium with many shapes
229
example of pleomorphic bacteria
mycoplasma
230
smallest bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells
mycoplasma
231
example of mycoplasma
mycoplasma hypopnemonia
232
archaea structure
no cell wall or PG
- pseudomurien
233
what atypical cell well cell can't be stained but appears as G -
archaea
234
what causes damage to prokaryote bacteria cell wall
lysozymes
235
where are lysozymes found?
- tears
- saliva
- mucus
- lots in breastmilk
236
where are lysozymes more active and why
- cell wall of G + cells
- vulnerable to lysis
237
what destroys the glycan portions of PG and removes the cell wall
lysozymes
238
what is a G + called after lysozymes destroy the cell wall
protoplast
239
spheroplasts =
G - with somewhat of an destroyed cell wall
240
what forms after loss of cell wall and irregular swelling
L forms
241
what may form spontaneously or develop in responser to penicillin
L forms
242
FUNCTION of penicillin
- inhibit peptide bridges in PG or lysozymes
- inhibit cell wall formation
243
what time of cells respond better to penicillin
G +
244
what structures of a bacteria function the same as human cell structures
- plasma membrane
- ribosomes
- movement of materials
- cytoplasms
245
what does the G - outermsmbrane look like
plasma membrane of eurkaryotes and prokaryotes
246
what plasma membrane structure of prokaryotes is responsible for
- breakdown of nurteins
- productions of E
chromatophores
247
structure of plasma membrane - prokaryotes
- phospholipid bilayer
- peripheral proteins
- intergral proteins
- NO STEROLS (LESS RIGID)
- glycoproteins
- glycolipids
248
function of - glycoproteins
- glycolipids in plasma mem
- lubricate and protect the cell
249
what types of proteins in the plasma membrane function as enzymes
peripheral proteins
250
function of integral proteins aka transmembrane proteins
may act as channels
251
which proteins may get removed after disruption in lipid layer
intergral proteins
252
mesomes
- large irregular folds of bacterial plasma
253
alcohols, ammonium (disinfectants), antibiotics cause damage to
plasma membrane - prokaryotes
254
extracellular enzymes function
breakdown of needed molecules to allow them to pass through
255
hypotonic solution has
water into the cell
- lysis may occur
256
which type of solution has water moving out of the cell and may experience shrinking
HYPERTONIC
257
example of active transport in prokaryotes is
group translocation
258
what is group translocation
- substance is chemically altered during transport across membrane
- substance remains inside
259
what occupies 20% of cell in prokaryotes
nucleotide/ bacterial chromosomes with no histones
260
what type of microbes have small ribosomes (70s)
PROKARYoyte
261
function of cytoskeleton in prokaryote
- cell division/ growth/ alignment of organelles
- protein targeting
- maintaining cell shape
262
what is sporulation
how endospores are made
263
resting cells formed when there is a depletion of essential nutrients for bacteria is known as
ENDOSPORES
264
what causes endospores to survive for a long time?
stickyness/ them sticking to everything
- resistance to heat, chemicals and radiation
265
what is G + genus that is an example of endospores
clostridium and bacillus
266
coxiella burnetti is a G __ example of endospore
G -
267
what causes pneumonia after germinating in lungs and Q fever
coxiella burnett
268
bacillus anthracis a G + ___
endospore
269
species name of clostridium endospores
- tetani
- perfrigens
- botulinum
- difficile (C-diff)
270
what G + endospore affects diabetic pts
clostridium perfrigens
271
sever food poisoning is
clostridium botulinum
272
how does clostridium botulinum occurs
it can survive boiling temp
273
newly replicated bacteria and little cytoplasm isolated in spore septum is __
the first observable stage of sporulation
274
spore septum is
the ingrowth of plasma membrane
275
entirely enclosed within OG cell is known as
forespore
276
spore coat is
protein formed around the outside membrane
277
resistance of endospores to chemicals is known as
spore coat
278
what is gone near the end of sporulation
water
279
what wants to keep the spore alive by provides heat and chemical resistance and allows differentiation and is only in endospores
dipicolic acid (DPA)
280
germination is
endospores awakening triggered by increased heat
281
metabolism is
the sum total of all chemical runs happening in cell
282
anabolism is
using energy to make molecules
283
when is a dehydration reaction used
anabolism
284
endergonic rxn is
using E in anabolism to make molecules
285
anabolism is aka
biosynthesis
286
degradative process of breaking materials and releasing energy is known as
catabolism
287
exergonic is
releasing energy (catabolism)
288
what is the building block for anabolic rxns
catabolism
289
ADP + P1 + energy =
ATP/ catobolic / ATP release
290
amount of E needed to disrupt the stable molecule is known as
activation E
291
reaction rate is
the frequency of collision containing sufficient tE to bring about a rxn
292
what are biological catalysts called in living cells
enzymes
293
function of enzymes
- lower activation to speed up the rxns
294
region of enzyme that comes in contact with substrate
active site
295
turnover number is
max number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts/ turns into products
296
what are the two types of enzymes called
- simple
- conjugate
297
holoenzyme are composed of
- apoenzymes
- cofactors
298
conjugate enzymes can be made of
- apoenzymes
or
- cofactors
299
what types of enzymes are proteins
apoenzymes
300
what makes apoenzymes activate
joining of cofactor
301
cofactors structure
- non protein
- organic and inorganic molecules
302
function of cofactor
may help enzyme and substrate join
303
organic molecules of cofactors are aka
coenzymes
304
VIT B is an example of
a coenzyme
305
examples of VIT B
- NAD
- FAD
- FMN
- CoA
- CoQ
306
- glucose catabolism
- carry e- and p+
- get from diet
describes...
VIt B
307
what vit b is derived from niacin (niothic acid)
NAD
308
FMN and FAD are derived from
vit b riboflavin
309
what is pathoetheic acid made of
CoA
310
what factors influence enzymatic activity
- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
- inhibitors
311
when does denaturation of enzymes occur
when to goes beyond the optimal temp
312
what changes the active site of enzymes
denaturation
313
concentrated acids, bases, heavy-metal ions, alcohol, and UV radiation are cause
`denaturation
314
high substate concentration is known as
saturation
315
when is max rate obtained
when the concentration of substrate is high
(more than that, it won't do anything)
316
what are the two types of inhibitors
competitive or non-competive
317
what type of inhibitor fills the active sire of an enzyme and competes with normal substrate for active site
competitive
318
how to overcome function of competitive inhibitor
increase substrate
319
what nutrient is used in synthesis of folic acid (coenzyme)
- PABA
320
where does a noncompetitive inhibitor interact
alloesteric site
321
function of noncompetitive inhibitor
cause active site to change shape so it becomes nonfunctional
322
what is enzyme poison and causes terminate inactivation of enzymes
- cyanide
- fluoride
noncompetitive inhibitors
323
function of sulphanilamide
- makes sure bacteria doesn't make DNA or RNA
324
what process shuts down enzyme activity
feed back inhibition
325
what inhibits e coli
isoleucine inhibits first enzymes
326
function of ribozyme
- catalysts
- type of RNA
327
breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce E is known as
carbohydrate catabolism
328
how many steps are in glycolysis
10 steps `
329
at which step of glycolysis is 2 ATP used at steps 1 and 3 for glucose breakdown
preparatory stage
330
how many ATP and NADH are produced at steps during energy conversing stage
4 ATP steps produced at steps 7 and 10
2 NADH produced at step 6
331
intermediate step of carbohydrate catabolism is
pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
332
series of carrier molecules that are oxidized and reduced as e- pass is
the electron transport chain
333
removal of e- is known as
oxidation and dehydrogenation
334
reduction rxn and hydrogenation is
gaining e-
335
adding phosphate to ADP is known as
phosphorylation
336
three types of phosphorylation
- substrate level addition to P
- oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosphorylation
337
what type of reaction does oxidative phosphorylation use
- redox rxn
338
what is the final molecule the e-s are transferred to in oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen
339
atp synthesis using ETC that involves oxidative phosphorylation is
chemioosmosis
340
which carbohydrate catabolism occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
- glycolysis
- intermediate step
- Krebs cycle
341
where does etc occur in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
342
final acceptor for aerobic respiration is
oxygen
343
organic molecules act as a final e- acceptor in
fermentation
344
when is pyretic acid reduced by 2 NADH to produce lactic acid
lactic acid fermentation
345
alcohol fermentation steps
2 pyruivc acids into 2 acetaldehyde into 2 ethanol
346
pyschrophites =
cold moving microbes
347
pyschrophiles break down to
- true
- facultative/ psychotropes
348
which type of pyschrophites love the cold and the optimal is 15C
true
349
what temp can facultative/ psychotropes grow at
0C
350
opitmal temp for facultative/ psychotropes
20-30C
351
what microbe can't grow around 40C
facultative/ psychotropes
352
which microbes have an optimal range of 37C but can't grow around 50C
mesophiles
353
which catergory do most pathogens belong in
mesophiles
354
thermophiles optimal temp is
50-60C
355
hypertermophiles can grow till
110C
356
what factors can influence growth
- temp
- pH
- osmotic pressure
- chemical factor
357
what prokaryote prefers a pH of 6.5-7.5
bacteria
358
molds preferred pH is
5-6`
359
plasmolysis is
osmotic loss of water or shrinkage of cell cytoplasm
360
extreme halophiles aka obligate halophiles
adapted to high salt concentrations that they require them for growth
361
needed O2 to produce around 38 ATP from 1 glucose with good growth rates is known as
obligate aerobes
362
can obligate anaerobe use O2?
no
363
which species use obligate anaerobe
clostridium
364
which type of bacteria tolerate O2 and can't use it
aerotolerant fermatitive
365
facultative anaerobes + O2 use
- can use O2 when its available
- use anaerobic when O2 is lacking
366
example of facultative anaerobe
- e coli
- yeast
367
which type of bacteria use organic molecules as their final e- accept and have a 2 net ATP
obligate fermenters
368
lactobacillus (yogurt) and yeast are an example of
obligate fermenters
369
how much atmospheric oxygen do microaerophile use
2-10%/ very small amounts
370
what part of the test tubes do microaerophiles grow at
middle
371
examples of microaerophiles bacteria
helicopter pylori (ulcer)
- camplyobacter jejuni (gastreonterius)
372
examples of toxic oxygen
- singlet O2
- superoxide free radicals
- peroxide
- hydroxyl radical
373
O2 boosted to a higher energy state is called
singlet O2`
374
superoxide free radicals are
O2 with a - charge that steals e- and p+
375
what is the final e- acceptor in superoxide free radicals
O2
376
function superoxide dismatase (SOD)
neutralizes superoxide free radicals; turn them into hydrogen peroxide + O2
377
does the peroxide anion steal e- and p+
yes
378
enzyme catalase and enzyme peroxidase function
break down hydrogen peroxide
379
which neutralization process is used in the human body for breaking down hydrogen peroxide
enzyme catalase
380
which toxic oxygen has no cure and cell death is evident
hydroxyl radical
381
microbe community on top of something is knwon as
biofilm aka hydrogel
382
example of biofilm
plaque
383
quorum sensing is
cell to cell communication for biofilm
384
nutrients prepared for microbial growth is known as
culture medium
385
sterile is
no living microbes
386
introduction of microbes to medium is known as
inoculum
387
culture is
microbes growing in nutrient broth on medium
388
polysaccharide that solidifies and use in solid culture medium is
agar
389
what is the one thing that bacteria don't consume/ use as nutrients
agar
390
how to sterilize agar
- increase temp to 100
- then put it bath water init 45
391
at what temp of agar can diagnosis be done at
37
392
what contains one species of strain
pure culture
393
pop of cells arising from single cell or spare from a group of attached cells is known as
colony
394
function of streak methods
has three sections are used to isolate pure structures
395
what should be heated before applying it the streak method
lube
396
which streak plate sample can colonies be viewed from
3
397
what suppresses unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes
selective media
398
what and where is bismuth sulphite agar used
- used to grow salmonella typhi
399
salmonella typhi is an example of what type of gram cell
G -
400
typhoid fever is caused by
salmonella typhi
401
what does bismuth sulphite agar inhibit
G +
402
which media will grow everything, but distinguished b/w colonies
differential media
403
what is used to grow streptococcus progenies (strep throat) in differntial media
blood agar
404
function of blood agar
- hemolysis of RBC around strep colony
405
selective x differential media function
- suppress and distinguish colonies
406
example of selective x differential media
mannitol salt agar
407
break down of mannitol salt agar
mannitol = differential
salt = selective
408
mannitol salt agar function
- used to grow staphlycocuss aureus
409
which growth phase is for intense metabolic activity
lag phase
410
log phase is
exponential growth due to related binary fission
411
is Time constant during log phase
yes
412
time required for one binary fission is knwon as
generation of TIME
413
formula for generation time
time/ # of division
414
which phase of growth is the bacteria most vulnerable
log phase
415
# of deaths = # of new cells formed is which part of cell growth
stationary
416
death phase is
- pop decrease
417
what doubles every 20 mins
e coli
418
exact chemical composition known is
cultural defined medium
