chpt 15: mechanics of pathogenicity Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what is the ability to cause disease known as
A
pathogenicity
2
Q
virulence is
A
the extent of pathogenicity
3
Q
what are the mucous membrane portal of entry
A
- respiratory tract
- GI tract
- genitourinary tract
- conjunctiva
- skin
- parenteral route
4
Q
what covers organs
A
- mucous membranes
5
Q
which portal of entry is the easiest and more frequent
A
respiratory tract
6
Q
examples of illness caused by entry through resp tract
A
- common cold
- pneumonia
- tb
- influenza
- measles
7
Q
how is the GI tract affected by disease
A
food, water and contaminated
8
Q
- polimyelitis
- Hep A
- typhoid fever
- amebic dysentry
- giardiasis
- shingles
are examples of
A
GI tract entry diseases
9
Q
examples of GU entry infections
A
- STIs
10
Q
- conjuntivtis
- tracoma
- opthalmia
- neonatorum
entry through
A
conjuctiva
11
Q
how are infections caused through the skin
A
- broken skin
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
12
Q
how are infections caused by the parenteral route
A
- bypassed skin, straight into tissue or mucous membrane
13
Q
examples of parental route infections
A
- insect bites
- catheter
- surgical wound
- injections
HIV, TETNAI, AND GANGRE
14
Q
will disease occur if it doesnt enter through preferred spot
A
maybe not
15
Q
what is the prefered route of s.typhi
A
swallow
16
Q
how many preferred routes does b.anthracis have
A
3`
17
Q
function of adhesion/ ligands on pathogens
A
bind with receptor on host to cause disease
18
Q
structure of host receptor
A
sugar aka mannose or fructose
19
Q
what is made of glycoproteins or lipoproteins on a pathogen
A
adhesion/ ligands
20
Q
example of adhesion/ ligands on a pathogen
A
- capsule
- m- protein
- mycolic acid
21
Q
what does adherence mean
A
controlled or prevented infection
22
Q
which bacteria has a capsule
A
s. mutants
23
Q
function of glucoyltransferase formed by capsule on s.mutants
A
- metabolize sucrose
24
Q
end product after sucrose metabolism
A
- glucose and fructose `
25
what grows layer by layer to form plaque
glucan (further broken down glucose)
26
what does fructose breakdown to + function of it
acid that degenerates tooth structures and nerves
27
cell wall components of attachment
- mycolic acid
- m proteins
- frimbriae
28
which bacteria has m proteins outside the cell wall and frimbriae
s. pyogenes
29
resistant properties of m proteins
acid and heat resistance
30
what immunity to s.pyogenes depend on
bodys production of antibody specific to M-proteins
31
what makes up the cell wall of mycobacteria tb
mycolic acid
32
how does mycolic acid increase virulence
evades phagocytes
33
what are extracellular enzymes aka exoenzymes
- secreted enzymes into body
34
types of exoenzyemes
- coagulase
- kinase
- hyaluronidase
- collagenase
35
which exoenzyemes forms blood clots that act as protection from phagocytosis
coagulase
36
example of coagulase
s. auresus in walling of procress in boils
37
function of kinase
breaks down blood clots to isolate infection
38
what kinda of exoenzyemes does s.pyogenes use and its function with it
kinsase, functions to break blood clots which causes heart attack
39
which exoenzyemes functions to hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
hyaluronidase
40
function of hyaluronic acid
hold muscle and tissue
41
what happens with hyrolyzing of hyaluronic acid
- breaks muscle and tissue
- blackening of infected wounds
- invade body/ help microbe spread
42
what happens with hydrolyzing of hyaluronic acid
- breaks muscle and tissue
- blackening of infected wounds
- invade body/ help microbe spread
43
examples of disease that use hyaluronidase
c. perfringes = gangrae
c. pyogenes = flesh eating
44
what exoenzyme may be mixed with a drug to promote spread of it
hyaluronidase
45
what breaks down/ hydrolyzes collagen causing muscle to fall apart and facilitates spread of gas gangrene
collagenase
46
what antibody is produced in defence against pathogens of mucosal surface
IgA
47
IgA protease function
destroys antibodies
48
what does n.gonorrhea and n.meningisits produce
IgA protease
49
what causes disease without penetrating the body
- dental caries
- acne
50
do phagocytes move through biofilm
no
51
do phagocytes move through biofilm
no
52
how do bacterial pathogens damage host cells
- sidespores
- direct damage
- toxins
53
function of sidespores
damage host cells by stealing/ taking iron, which causes bacteria to increase
54
what occurs once pathogens attach to host cells, use nutrients and accumulate waste products
direct damage
55
examples of diseases using direct damage
- e. coli
- shigella
- salmonella
- n. gonorrhoea
56
poisonous substance that are produced by certain microbes is known as
toxins
57
whats the primary factor of pathogenic properties
toxins
58
how are toxins transported
blood and lymph
59
symptoms of toxins
- fever
- cardiovascular disturbances
- diarrhea
- shock
60
why do symptoms of toxin occur
inhibit protein synthesis
- destroy blood cells and bs
disrupts NS by causing spasms
61
intotoxications is caused by
presence of toxins
62
what type of toxin is mostly Gram + with a few gram -
exotoxin
63
when are exotoxins produced
during metabolism/ growth inside bacteria
64
what are exotoxins made of
proteins
65
what type of toxin produces antitoxins
exotoxin
66
function of antitoxin
provide immunuty
67
signs and symptoms of exotoxins are
specific, different, simple diagnosis
68
how do exotoxins excrete their effects
destroys parts of host or inhibit metabolic functions
69
what are toxoid vaccines
- inactive/ altered exotoxins
- stimulate antitoxin production as immunity
70
which type of toxin circulates throughout body, is soluble in bodily fluids and easily diffuses
exotoxin
71
how does botulism occur
ingestion of exotoxin
72
example of intoxication illness
staphylococcal food poisoning
73
what is part of bacterial cells and not a metobolic waste
endotxin
74
what is part of bacterial cells and not a metobolic waste
endotoxin
75
what type of bacteria release endotoxins
g -
76
when are endotoxins release
during infection from cell wall (lipid A) or death of bacteria
77
structure of endotoxin
lipid
78
how do endotoxins exert their effect
macrophages releasing cytokines in increase conc
- activate blood clotting proteins
79
which toxin has the same signs and symptoms
endotoxins
80
signs and symptoms of endotoxins
- fever
- nausea
- diarrhea
- dysentry
- miscarriage
- clotting
- spetic shock
81
function of antibiotics with endotoxins
improve liver lipase breakdown of endotoxins
82
what enhances effect of endotoxins
antibodies
83
A-B toxins examples
- diptheriotoxin
- botulinum
- tenanospasms
- cholera toxin
84
part A of A-B toxins function
active enzymatic part
85
examples of exotoxins
- A-B toxins
- suprantigens
-membrane disruptions
86
what part of the A-B toxins attaches and binds to cells
B
87
what was the first toxin to be studied
A-B toxin
88
function A in diptheriotoxin
- shuts down protein synthesis killing cell
89
when does B bind to nerve cells at NMF and A inhibits ACh resulting in flaccid paralysis and no muscle tone
botulinum
90
what happens with tetanaospasms
- B binds to neurons at NMJ
-A inhibits GABA which shuts down relaxation
91
what is back paralysis and possible spine fractures known as
opsitholens
92
muscle spasms in the mouth cavity is known as
lock jaw
93
when does A bind to GI tract and results in cells pumping out a out of water with the help of cAMP
cholera toxin
94
what causes breaks in eukaryotic DNA
genotoxins, hemophilus ducreyi and helicobacter spp
95
disrupting phospholid layer and making proteins channels in pls mem is known as
membrane disruption
96
how does membrane disruption contribute to increased virulence
- killing host cells
- aiding in the escape of bacteria
97
what produces leukocidins and hemolysins
streptococcus and staphlycoccous
98
what disease produces protien channels
s.aurues
99
what is caused by erthyrogenic toxin
s. pyogens
100
does one have a fever with s. pyogens
no
101
when does hemolysisn in B hemolytic occur
with s. pyogens
102
what disrupts the phospholid layer
c. perfringes
103
what L monocytes produce
MAC
104
which exotoxin is resposible for high infection with intense immune response
superantigents
105
what does the body release of with supra antigens
- cytokines produced of T cells
106
what toxin goes all over the hosts body and the effects of it are seen when it reaches all over vital organs
superantigens
107
symptoms of superantigens
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- shock , TSS caused by s. aureus
108
how fast food poisoning by s. aures take place
1-6 hours, sudden, violent
109
function of cytokines
- regulate immune response
- mediate cell- cell communication
110
what cuases a fever with endotoxins
bacterial cell death
111
treatment for fever
aspirin and Tylenol cuz they inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins
112
how is fever produced in endotoxin
digestion of microbe releasing LPS
- which causes macrophages to relese IL-1 and TNF = fever
113
function of IL-1
goes to hypothalamus through blood and secretes prostglandins
114
function of TNF
- binds to tissues in body and alters their metabolism
- damages blood capillaries and increases permeability = loss of fluid
115
examples of endotoxin producing bacteria
- s. typhi
- proteus spp (UTI)
- n. meningitis
116
what causes weakend BBB
endotoxin of hemphilus influenza type b
117
start of a fever
- chills and shivering
- increased IL-1
118
-sweating
- decreased IL-1
= getting better is part of
2nd stage of fever/ crisis stage
119
in what disease does a fever go back and forth between start and crisis stage
malaria
