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CHPT 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

The human movement system includes an integration of the

A

nervous, skeletal, and
muscular systems

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2
Q

The nervous system provides

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information

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3
Q

The neuron is

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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4
Q

The nervous system includes the

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system).

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5
Q

The PNS contains

A

different types of sensory receptors

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6
Q

The _____ are two important sensory receptors
(mechanoreceptors)

A

spindle and Golgi tendon organ

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7
Q

The PNS contains two subdivisions:

A

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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8
Q

The nervous system requires different electrolytes for proper function, which include

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water

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9
Q

Motor skill development often occurs in three stages:

A

cognitive, associative, and
autonomous

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10
Q

Three components of a
neuron

A

Neurons are composed of three main parts: cell body, axon, and
dendrites

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11
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system

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12
Q

Efferent pathway

A

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous
system to the rest of the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces within issues and then transmit signals through sensory
nerves.

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and
are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous
system

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to
organs that run the involuntary processes of the body

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous
system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase
neural activity and put the body in a heightened state

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous
system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease
neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state

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18
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative
position of its parts

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19
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the
rate of that change

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20
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal
muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Three stages of motor skill development

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous
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22
Q

Stage 1: Cognitive

A

you may need to use simple instructions
and break down the skill into smaller steps so your clients will be
able to understand the goals of the movement

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23
Q

Stage 2: Associative

A

you may need to help refine your clients’ skills through practice and regular feedback

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24
Q

Stage 3: Autonomous

A

you may be able to teach your clients new versions of the skill to further challenge them

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25
The skeletal system has two divisions:
axial and appendicular
26
There are five categories of bones
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
27
The vertebral column has five distinct regions
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
28
In between each vertebra is an ______ that acts as a shock absorber and assists with movement
intervertebral disc
29
_____ describes bone movement, and arthrokinematic describes movement at the joint surface
Osteokinematic
30
Synovial joints are
unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective issues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.
31
Synovial joints have six classifications
gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints
32
Skeletal system
A description of the bones of the body
33
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
34
Appendicular skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle
35
Remodeling
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure
36
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
37
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
38
Long bones
Humerus Femur
39
Short bones
Carpals of the wrist Tarsals of the ankle
40
Flat bones
Scapulae (shoulder blades) Sternum
41
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae (spinal column)
42
Sesamoid (small)
Patella (knee cap)
43
Depressions
Flatened or indented portions of bone.
44
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
45
Segments of Vertebral Column (5)
Cervical spine (C1–C7) Thoracic spine (T1–T12) Lumbar spine (L1–L5) Sacrum Coccyx
46
Cervical spine (C1–C7)
-starting at the top of the spinal column - Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head
47
Thoracic spine (T1–T12)
located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs
48
Lumbar spine (L1–L5)
- vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine -Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles
49
Sacrum
triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
50
Coccyx
- known as the tailbone -Composed of three to five small fused bones
51
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible
52
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin
53
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule
54
Nonaxial
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side
55
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
56
The muscular system links
the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body
57
Myofibrils consist of
repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments action and myosin, which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory
58
Excitaton-contraction coupling describes the
the steps in the muscle contraction process involving the nervous and muscular systems
59
The _____ principle describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all
all-or-nothing
60
Type I
slow-twitch, muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant
61
Type II
fast-twitch, muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly
62
Three types of muscles
are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
63
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
64
Epimysium
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle
65
Fascicles
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle
66
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
67
Endomysium
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle
68
Tendons v. Ligaments
- Tendons connect muscles to bones - Ligaments connect bones to bones
69
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell;
70
Myofilaments
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin
71
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction
72
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
73
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
74
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
75
Sliding filament theory
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
76
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
77
Type II muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

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