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NASM > CHPT 7 > Flashcards

CHPT 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes, which include

A

the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

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2
Q

______ describes the observable movement of a limb

A

Osteokinematic

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3
Q

______ describes the movement taking place at the joint itself

A

Arthrokinematic

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4
Q

The _________ is an imaginary line that bisects the body into right and le􀅌 sides.

A

sagittal plane

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5
Q

Movements in the sagittal plane include ____ and ______ , and ________ and ________ of the foot and ankle

A
  • flexion and extension
  • plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
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6
Q

The _______ bisects the body to create front and back halves

A

frontal plane

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7
Q

Movements in the frontal plane include ______ and _______ of the limbs, ________ of the spine, and _______ and ______ at the foot and ankle complex

A
  • abduction and adduction
  • lateral flexion
  • eversion and inversion
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8
Q

The ________ bisects the body to create upper and lower halves

A

transverse plane

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9
Q

Movements in the transverse plane include (4)

A
  • internal and external rotation for the limbs
  • right and left rotation for the head and trunk
  • horizontal abduction and adduction of the limbs,
  • radioulnar pronation and supination.
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10
Q

Motions of the scapulae include (4)

A
  • retraction
  • protraction
  • depression
  • elevation
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11
Q

Muscle actions are described as

A
  • isotonic
  • isometric
  • isokinetic
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12
Q

Isotonic muscle actions can be broken down into the ____ and _____

A

concentric and eccentric phases

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13
Q

Muscles can play the role of _____, _______, ______, or _______ depending on the movement being performed

A
  • agonist
  • synergist
  • stabilizer
  • antagonist
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14
Q

________ movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object, whereas
_________ movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space

A
  • Closed-chain
  • Open-chain
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15
Q

The stretch-shortening cycle involves three phases

A
  • eccentric phase,
  • amorization phase
  • concentric phase
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16
Q

The term _______ is used to describe muscles that work in a synergistic function
around a joint

A

force-couple

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17
Q

The ________ involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC

A

local muscular system

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18
Q

The ________ can be broken down into subsystems, which include the deep
longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems

A

global muscle system

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19
Q

The ________ describe the integrated function of muscle groups to transfer force for complex multijoint movements and stabilization of the HMS

A

subsystems

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20
Q

The amount of force produced by the HMS relies on not only

A

muscle recruitment but also the lever type of the joint that is moving

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21
Q

Lever systems are classified as _____, ______ and ______ class

A

first, second, and third

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22
Q

_________ describe the cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the
nervous system to complete a given movement pattern

A

Muscle synergies

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23
Q

_________ is the intrinsic awareness of movement and bodily posi􀆟on in space

A

Proprioception

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24
Q

__________ is the integration of motor control processes, with practice and
experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled
movements.

A

Motor learning

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25
Q

Medial

A

closer to the midline of the body

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26
Q

Lateral

A

farther away from the midline or
toward the outside of the body

27
Q

Contralateral

A

the opposite side of the body

28
Q

Ipsilateral

A

the same side of the body

29
Q

Anterior

A

on or toward the front of the
body

30
Q

Posterior

A

on or toward the back of the
body

31
Q

Proximal

A

nearest to the center of the body
or other identified reference point

32
Q

Distal

A

farthest from the center of the
body or other identfied reference point

33
Q

Inferior

A

below an identified reference
point

34
Q

Superior

A

above an identified reference point

35
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion occurring at the ankle

36
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle

37
Q

Isotonic

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement
occurs through a given range of motion

38
Q

Isometric

A

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint

39
Q

Isokinetic

A

speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted

40
Q

Agonists

A

primary muscles providing force for a movement
ex. glute maximus is the agonist for hip extension

41
Q

Synergists

A

muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
ex. hamstring and spinae with glute maximus during hip extension

42
Q

Stabilizers

A

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body
moves

43
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist
muscles

44
Q

The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that

A

the distal segments, such as a person’s hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface

45
Q

Ex. of closed-chain exercises

A
  • Push-ups
  • Pull-ups
  • Squats
  • Lunges
46
Q

The primary characteristic of open-chain movements is that

A

the distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space

47
Q

Ex. open-chain exercises

A
  • Biceps curls
  • Lat pulldowns
  • Bench presses
  • Leg curls
  • Leg extensions
48
Q

muscle action spectrum

A

the full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement

49
Q

Lengthtension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

50
Q

Altered lengthtension relationship

A

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

51
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives
an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

52
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

53
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

54
Q

Integrated performance paradigm

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized
(isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)

55
Q

Force-couple relationship

A

The synergistic ac􀆟on of multiple muscles working together to produce movement
around a joint

56
Q

First-class levers

A

have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw

57
Q

Second-class levers

A

have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side

58
Q

Third-class levers

A

have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum

59
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

60
Q

Motor control

A

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information
with previous experiences to produce a motor response

61
Q

Motor learning

A

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a
relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior

62
Q

Motor development

A

Change in skilled motor behavior over 􀆟me throughout the life span

63
Q

Internal feedback

A

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

64
Q

External feedback

A

Information provided by some external source

NASM (14 decks)

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