chpt 5-8 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Knowing Niraj’s IQ score helps his father
a) Determine if Niraj’s mental age is the same as his chronological age
b) Know whether Niraj is ahead behind or on time in mental development compare with his age mates
c) determine the percentage of younger and older children who fall above or below Niraj’s score
d) know how Niraj compares in mental development to younger and older children
A
B) Know whether Niraj is ahead, behind or on time in mental development compared with his age mates
2
Q
Challenges to Chomsky’s theory suggest that:
a) it provides only a partial account of language development
b) the ability to master a grammatically complex language is not unique to humans
c) there is no sensitive period for language acquisition
d) children acquire language more quickly than he suggests
A
A) it only provides partial account of language development
3
Q
In the Unites States:
a) childcare is nationally regulated
b) 60 to 70 percent of child-care centers provide infants and toddlers with good-quality care
c) child care is nationally funded to ensure quality.
d) child-care standards are set by the states and vary widely
A
D) Child Care standards are set by the states and vary widely
4
Q
Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents _____ is particularly important in predicting intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school
a) talk to their infants and toddlers
b) engage their children in physical activity
c) take part in make-believe play with their children
d) provide an organized, stimulating physical setting
A
A) Talk to their infants and toddlers
5
Q
Sensorimotor substage 6 brings the ability to:
a) create mental representations
b) engage in means-end action consequences
c) master object performance
d) engage in intentional behavior
A
A) Create mental representations
6
Q
When parents ____ infants and toddlers are likely to be distractable, play immaturely, and do poorly on mental tests:
a) Bombard children with directions
b) Are warm and responsive
c) initiate make-believe play
d) Work long hours
A
A) bombard children with directions
7
Q
When 2½-year-old Max, and his father, Simon, listened to short sentences-some grammatically correct, others with phrase-structure violations-both showed similarly distinct ERP brain-wave patterns for each sentence type in the left frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. This suggests that:
a) A toddler Processes sentence structures using the same neural system as an adult does
b) social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development
c) language development relies more on learning and discovery than Chomsky assumed
d) interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences govern language learning
A
A)a toddler processes sentence structures using the same neural system as an adult does
8
Q
Many studies show that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are slightly ahead of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in early vocabulary growth. A) girls; boys B) boys; girls C) shy toddlers; outgoing toddlers D) Low-SES children; High-SES children
A
A) Girls; Boys
9
Q
Which of the following statements about the information-processing perspective is true?
A) Its central strength-analyzing cognition into its components-is also its greatest drawback.
B) Its core domains of thought yield broad agreement among researchers.
C) it is easily integrated into a broad, comprehensive theory of development.
D) It emphasizes that children live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect their cognitive development.
A
A) Its central strength-analyzing cognition into its components-is also its greatest drawback
10
Q
Dr. Trahan endorses the nativist perspective of language development. Dr. Trahan probably believes that:
A) children learn language through a mix of imitation, habituation, and operant conditioning.
B) children make sense of their complex language environments by applying powerful cognitive capacities.
C) language is etched into the structure of the brain.
D) caregivers provide appropriate language experiences, which help children relate the content and structure of language to its social meanings
A
C) Language is etched into the structure of the brain
11
Q
The circular reaction:
A) involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby’s own motor activity.
B) centers on internal depictions of events.
C) relies on the baby’s familiarity preference.
D) is “circular” because each new reflex is followed by another new reflex
A
A) involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby’s own motor activity.
12
Q
Toddlers' \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflect their sensitivity to categories: A)Unerextensions B)Overextension C)babbles D)preverbal gestures
A
B) Overetensions
13
Q
When 3-year-old Eva peels an orange, she calls it "opening" the orange. This is an example of an: A) underextension. B) infant-directed speech. C) an overextension. D) referential style
A
C) Overextension
14
Q
Six-month-old Eva drops her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that, at first, schemes are: A) sensorimotor action patterns. B) deliberate. C) creative. D) awkward and disorganized
A
A) Sensorimotor action patterns
15
Q
When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________:accommodate; A) organize
B) organize; assimilate
C) assimilate; accommodate
D) organize; adapt
A
C) assimilate; accomidate
16
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the simplest form of memory, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves remembering something not present A) Recognition; recall B) The sensory register; working memory C) Habituation; recovery D) Recall; recognition
A
A) Recognition Recall
17
Q
According to Piaget, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ provides a special means of adapting infants' first schemes: A)goal-directed behavior B)mental representation C)sensorimotor reflex D)circular reaction
A
D) Circular reaction
18
Q
Theorists who apply the information-processing perspective to language development note that:
A) a language acquisition device helps children rapidly learn new words.
B) brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities.
C) infants’ capacity to analyze speech is sufficient to account for mastery of intricate grammatical structures.
C) children’s social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.
A
B) brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities
19
Q
According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory:
A) children master activities through joint activities with more mature members of their society.
B) complex mental activities have their origin in perception, attention, and memory.
C) adaptation and organization account for changes in children’s schemes.
D) babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems
A
A) Children master activities through joint activities with more mature members of their society
20
Q
Good child care
A) cannot sustain the benefits of growing up in an economically advantaged family.
B) improves children’s intelligence test scores in all measures except cognitive and social skills.
C) is more readily available in the United States than in most European countries.
D) can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life.
A
D) can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty stricken home life
21
Q
Children often overextend deliberately because they: A) have favorite words. B) have not acquired a suitable word. C) find the error humorous. D) apply new words too narrowly
A
B) Have not acquired a suitable word
22
Q
One reason that low-SES kindergarteners have vocabularies only one-fourth as large as those of their higher-SES agemates is that they;
A)rely on infant-directed speech.
B)do not use telegraphic speech.
C)are read to less often.
D)have more verbal stimulation in their homes.
A
C) are read to less often
23
Q
Ursula speaks to her infant son in short sentences made up of high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts. Ursula uses: A) preverbal speech. B) infant-directed speech. C) telegraphic speech. D) referential communication
A
B) infant directed speech
24
Q
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly: A) the sensory register B) the short-term memory store C) working memory D) long-term memory
A
A) the sensory register
25
```
__________ studies show that infants learn and retain a wide variety of information just by watching objects and events, sometimes for much longer time spans than in operant conditioning studies:
A) Deferred imitation
B) Accommodation
C) Habituation
D) Assimilation
```
C) Habituation
26
According to nativist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is a(n:
A) innate system of rules common to all languages.
B) form of speech made up of high-pitched, exaggerated expressions.
C) instrument used to screen infants for language difficulties.
D) area of the brain that controls language production
A) innate system of rules common to all languages
27
```
Eight-month-old Alexis says "Nananananana!" This is an example of:
A) an underextension.
B) cooing.
C) babbling.
D) an overextension
```
C) babbling
28
Hearing babies of deaf, signing parents:
A) do not babble.
B) produce a range of early sounds but stop babbling entirely around 6 months.
C) produce babblelike hand motions with the rhythmic patterns of natural sign languages.
D) are unprepared for conversational behavior.
C) produce babble-like hand motions with the rhythmic patterns of natural sign languages
29
```
Virginia was able to find her ball, which was placed into a box under a cover. Virginia has begun to master:
A) habituation.
B) deferred imitation.
C) invisible displacement.
D) the violation-of-expectation method.
```
C) Invisible Displacement
30
The zone of proximal development:
A) includes core domains of thought, such as physical knowledge, linguistic knowledge, psychological knowledge, and numerical knowledge.
B) refers to a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners.
C) is a Piagetian concept that provides that infants stumble onto a new experience and then actively try to repeat it.
D) helps identify for intervention babies who are likely to have developmental problems.
B) refers to a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners
31
Good child care:
A) is rarely cost-effective.
B) can serve as effective early intervention for children whose development is at risk.
C) is typically funded by a local or state agency.
D) is the norm in the United States.
C) Is typically funded by a local or state agencies
32
In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for:
A) mental representations in babies between 6 and 12 months of age.
B) mental representations in babies between 12 and 15 months of age.
C) object permanence in the first few months of life.
D) tertiary circular reactions in the first few months of life
C) Object permanence in the first few months of life
33
```
Which of the following toddlers is the most likely to have the largest vocabulary?
A)Henry from Germany
B) Torsten from Sweden
C) Fei Yen from China
D) Marilyn from the United States
```
C) Fei Yen from China
34
```
Most infant intelligence tests are better at making long-term predications for __________ babies:
A) extremely high-scoring
B) average- to high-scoring
C) low- to average-scoring
D) extremely low-scoring
```
D) extremely low-scoring
35
```
Baby Lindsay has combined her reaching, grasping, and sucking schemes into a higher-order scheme that allows her to reach for her pacifier and put it into her mouth. This achievement is an example of:
A) equilibrium.
B) organization.
C) assimilation.
D) accommodation.
```
B) organization
36
```
Twenty-month-old Dean probably learns __________ new words each __________:
A) one or two; day
B) one to three; week
C) five to seven; week
D) five to seven; month
```
A) one or two; day
37
In Bowlby's formation of a reciprocal relationship phase:
A:infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger, but do not protest when the familiar caregiver leaves.
B: babies approach, follow, and climb on a familiar caregiver in preference to others.
C: separation protest declines, and the child understands some factors that influence the caregiver's coming and going.
D: babies become upset when a familiar caregiver leaves.
C: separation protest declines, and the child understands some factors that influence the caregiver's coming and going.
38
```
Parents who dismiss the importance of early relationships tend to have:
A:securely attached children.
B: insecurely attached children.
C: warm, sensitive caregiving styles.
D: reconstructed memories
```
B: insecurely attached children
39
```
__________ have a harder time regulating negative emotion:
A: Girls
B: Only children
C: Boys
D: Twins
```
C: Boys
40
```
__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity:
A: Temperament
B: Reactivity
C: Effortful control
D: Self-regulation
```
B: reactivity
41
Young children's capacity to __________ is influenced by both biologically based temperament and quality of caregiving:
A:delay gratification
B: correct scale errors
C: identify themselves as unique
D: classify themselves on the basis of physical characteristics
A: delay gratification
42
To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need:
A: permissive child rearing.
B: protective parents who allow them to retreat as desired.
C: parenting tailored to their temperaments.
D: to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations
C: parenting tailored to their temperaments
43
In the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, when babies were exposed to __________, the rate of attachment insecurity increased.
A: high-quality child care but insensitive parental caregiving
B: inadequate child care but warm, sensitive parental caregiving
C: more than one child-care arrangement, regardless of the quality of parental care
D: a combination of insensitive caregiving at home and poor-quality child care
D: a combination of insensitive caregiving at home and poor-quality child care
44
Baby Bobby responds differently to his familiar caregiver, Lana, than to a stranger. Bobby smiles, laughs, and babbles more freely when interacting with Lana, but he does not protest when separated from her. Bobby is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase:
A: "attachment-in-the-making"
B: preattachment
C: formation of a reciprocal relationship
D: "clear-cut" attachmen
A: attachment in the making
45
Postpartum depression
A: emerges or strengthens after childbirth and fails to subside.
B: in a parent has little or no impact on a child's development.
C: affects fewer than one percent of new mothers and fathers.
D: subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby
A: Emerges or strengthens after child birth and fails to subside
46
Persistent paternal depression:
A:strongly predicts child behavior problems-especially overactivity, defiance, and aggression in boys.
B: rarely has a lasting impact on the child, unless it lasts for five or more years.
C:requires long-term treatment in a facility for a full recovery.
D: is linked to low levels of the stress hormone cortisol in children.
A: strongly predicts child behavior problems. Especially overactivity, defiance, and aggression in boys
47
```
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
A: guilt, shame, and pride
B: shame, doubt, and surprise
C: embarrassment, pride, and interest
D: envy, happiness, and disgust
```
A: guilt shame and pride
48
```
According to Mary Rothbart, variations in __________ are evident in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion:
A: threshold of responsiveness
B: adaptability
C: irritable distress
D: effortful control
```
D: effortful control
49
Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son, but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son, who is now 6 months old, most likely:
A: sleeps longer than most infants.
B: produces low levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
C: tries to comfort his mother when she is sad.
D: shows delays in motor and mental development.
D: Shows delays in motor and mental development
50
Stranger anxiety:
A: is evident in all babies, regardless of temperament.
B: is the most frequent expression of fear during infancy.
C: is more likely to occur in a familiar setting than in a new setting.
D: peaks between the ages of 3 and 6 months.
B: the most frequent expression of fear during infancy
51
Which of the following statements about social referencing is true:
A: Mothers are more effective sources of emotional information than fathers.
B: Parents can take advantage of social referencing to teach their baby how to react to many everyday events.
C: Social referencing emerges around 3 to 4 months and peaks at 6 to 8 months.
D: A caregiver's emotional expression has no influence on stranger anxiety
B: Parents can take advantage of social referencing to teach their baby how to react to many everyday events
52
As infants understand more about their world, they:
A: smile less often.
B: laugh only at dynamic, eye-catching sights.
C: smile only in response to very active stimuli.
D: laugh at events with subtler elements of surprise.
D: laugh at events with subtler elements of surprise
53
In which of the following phases of attachment do babies rely on built-in signals to bring them into close contact with adults?:
A: "attachment-in-the-making"
B: "clear-cut" attachment
C: formation of a reciprocal relationship
D: preattachment
D: pre-attachment
54
Like anger, expressions of fear:
A: are less intense than expressions of sadness.
B: decrease in intensity and frequency with age.
C: occur less frequently in the second half of the first year.
D: rise from the second half of the first year into the second year.
D: rises from the second half of the first year into the second year
55
```
During the __________, toddlers become consciously aware of the self's physical features:
A: first half of the first year
B: second half of the first year
C: second year
D: third year
```
C: Second year
56
Baby Nathan is most likely to develop attachments to:
A: his mother only.
B: a variety of familiar people.
C: his father, but only when his mother is unavailable.
D: any female caregivers who feed him.
B: a variety of familiar people
57
In the Strange Situation, a baby who demonstrates a secure attachment:
A: is unresponsive to the parent when she is present and does not show distress when she leaves.
B: uses the parent as a secure base and actively seeks contact when the parent returns.
C: clings to the parent and fails to explore.
D: shows confused, contradictory behaviors.
B: Uses the parent as a secure base and actively seeks contact when the parent returns
58
```
Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determine(s) whether attachment security is linked to later development:
A: cognitive capabilities
B: infant temperament
C: continuity of caregiving
D: heredity
```
C: Continuity of caregiving
59
```
According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the:
A: amount of food offered.
B: amount of oral stimulation offered.
C: channeling of biological drives.
D: quality of caregiving.
```
D: Quality of caregiving
60
Which of the following statements is supported by research on self-awareness:
A: Newborns smile more at their own mirror image than at an image of another baby.
B: Newborns are consciously aware of the self's physical features.
C: Newborns look longer at their own visual image than at images of others.
D: Infants' remarkable capacity for intermodal perception supports the beginnings of self-awareness.
D: Infants remarkable capacity for intermodal perception supports the beginnings of self awareness
61
In Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research study on the development of shyness and sociability:
A: the majority of babies were overwhelmed by novelty.
B: most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
C: most children retained their temperamental style as they grew older.
D: only about 10 percent of 4-month-old babies seemed delighted with new experiences.
B: Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
62
```
Among maltreated infants, __________ attachment is especially high:
A: disorganized/disoriented
B: resistant
C: avoidant
D: unresponsive
```
A: Disorganized, disoriented
63
The goodness-of-fit model suggests that a good match between __________ and __________ produces favorable conditions:
A: a parent's temperament; financial resources
B: child-rearing conditions; a child's temperament
C: attachment quality; temperament
D: attachment quality; child-care experiences
B: Child-rearing conditions; a child's temperament
64
```
The first laughs occur in response to:
A: nonsense words.
B: very active stimuli.
C: a game of peekaboo.
D: animals or toys.
```
B: Very active stimuli
65
Neurobiological research indicates that when faced with novelty, shy children show:
A: greater pupil dilation than sociable children.
B: greater left than right frontal brain-wave activity.
C: a lower heart rate than sociable children.
D: a greater drop in blood pressure than sociable children
A: Greater pupil dilation than sociable children
66
```
Although expressions of sadness also occur in response to pain, removal of an object, and brief separations, they are __________ than anger:
A: less intense
B: less frequent
C: more intense
D: more frequent
```
B: less frequent
67
According to Piaget, egocentrism is:
A: the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
B: common among adolescents.
C: the cornerstone of logical thought.
D: the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thought.
D: the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thought
68
```
__________ parents are more likely to have children who suffer unintentional injuries:
A: Middle-income
B: Married
C: Educated
D: Teenage
```
D: Teenage
69
```
Children do not find it useful to distinguish between mirror-image forms, such as b and d and p and q, when writing until:
A: between ages 3 and 4.
B: they start to read.
C: preschool.
D: upper elementary school.
```
B: They start to read
70
```
Agata suffered from persistent diarrhea in early childhood. As a result, during her school years, Agata is probably __________ than her agemates who were not stricken with persistent diarrhea:
A: heavier in weight
B: shorter in height
C: better nourished
D: more attentive
```
B: Shorter in height
71
Which of the following preschoolers is most at risk for unintentional injury?
A: Ellie, who lives in the United States with two older brothers
B: Yan, who lives in Norway
C: Carter, who lives in the United States in a single-parent home
D: Emilio, who has a slow-to-warm-up temperament
C: Carter who lives in the United States in a single-parent home
72
When children ask questions, parents:
A: rarely respond informatively, unless the children are extremely persistent.
B: adjust the complexity of their answers to fit their children's maturity.
C: should respond with "prior cause" explanations.
D: should respond with "mechanism" explanations.
B: Adjust the complexity of their answers to fit their children's maturity
73
Compared with other industrialized nations, the United States:
A: has a low childhood injury death rate.
B: has a high childhood injury death rate.
C: has a high preschool immunization rate.
D: is safer in terms of childhood illnesses and injuries
B: Has a high childhood injury death rate
74
As children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage:
A: make-believe play diminishes.
B: thinking becomes abstract.
C: the use of objects in play becomes more realistic.
D: symbolic mental activity increases.
D: Symbolic mental activity increases
75
Most 3- and 4-year-olds can:
A: draw so others can tell what their pictures are.
B: create conventional animal figures with the head and body differentiated.
C: represent depth in drawings.
D: use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.
D: Use lines to represent the boundaries of objects
76
Preschoolers:
A: have little or no ability to sustain attention.
B: become more aware of their own mental life.
C: have little or no ability to inhibit impulses.
D: do not have the skills to engage in planning.
B: Become more aware of their mental life
77
```
The years from 2 to 6 are often called "the __________ years."
A: play
B: growth
C: difficult
D: thinking
```
A: Play
78
When children who lack growth hormone (GH) are given synthetic injections of GH starting at an early age, they:
A: grow normally until the beginning of puberty.
B: show catch-up growth and then grow at a normal rate.
C: still reach an average mature height of only about 4 to 4½ feet.
D: gain more in weight than in height.
B: Show catch-up growth and then grow at a normal rate.
79
Preschoolers' balance improves greatly when their:
A: bodies become less bottom-heavy.
B: center of gravity shifts from the trunk upward.
C: bodies become more streamlined.
D: growth follows the cephalocaudal trend
C: Bodies become more streamlined
80
```
Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
A: outdoor
B: make-believe
C: parallel
D: cooperative
```
B: Make-believe play
81
```
__________ is the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language:
A: Phonological awareness
B: Private speech
C: Ordinality
D: Cardinality
```
A: phonological awareness
82
```
Between 14 and 16 months, toddlers display a beginning grasp of:
A: cardinality.
B: one-to-one correspondence.
C: ordinality.
D: chronological order.
```
C: Ordinality
83
```
The ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication is called:
A: linguistics.
B: pragmatics.
C: language arts.
D: conservation.
```
B: Pragmatics
84
```
Five-year-old Sebastian is becoming better at thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating his attention accordingly to reach a goal. Sebastian is developing __________ skills.
A: planning
B: centration
C: reversibility
D: recall
```
A: Planning
85
```
Between ages 2 and 6, most children learn about _____ new words each __________.
A: 2; day
B: 5; day
C: 5; week
D: 10; week
```
B: 5; day
86
```
Dr. Frolicker shows a group of 4-year-olds a set of 10 items on a tray. She then mixes them up with some unfamiliar items and asks the children to point to the ones in the original set. Dr. Frolicker is testing:
A: recognition memory.
B: recall memory.
C: sustained attention.
D: episodic memory.
```
A: recognition memory
87
```
Janelle pretends that a cup is a hat. Janelle grasps the concept of:
A: egocentrism.
B: dual representation.
C: animistic thinking.
D: irreversibility.
```
B: Dual representation
88
```
In the classic Piagetian conservation task using liquid, Jabar focuses on the heights of the water, failing to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height. Jabar's thinking is characterized by:
A: dynamic transformation.
B: centration.
C: magical thinking.
D: irreversibility.
```
B: centration
89
```
Children's self-directed speech is now called __________ speech:
A: telegraphic
B: egocentric
C: inner
D: private
```
D: Private
90
```
A researcher hands 20-month-old Andrea a cup. Based on her age, Andrea will most likely:
A: pretend to drink from the cup.
B: use the cup as a hat.
C: use the cup as a chair for her doll.
D: pretend that the cup is a rocket.
```
A: Pretend to drink from the cup
91
Guided participation:
A: is a narrower concept than scaffolding.
B: does not allow for variations across situations and cultures.
C: involves shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants.
D: is accomplished entirely using verbal communication methods
C: Involves shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants
92
```
Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
A: egocentrism
B: language
C: sensorimotor activity
D: self-reflection
```
B: Language
93
The ability to __________ is a skill that predicts social maturity and reading and math achievement from kindergarten through high school.
A: use guided participation
B: resist the "pull" of their attention toward a dominant stimulus
C: think out a sequence of facts ahead of time
D: distinguish appearance from reality
B: Resist the "pull" of their attention toward a dominant stimulus
94
Ignacio lives in a remote Mayan village in Yucatan, Mexico. Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
A: Ignacio is too busy working and maintaining his household to interact with his children.
B: Ignacio instead focuses on preparing his children for academic success and civic engagement.
C: Ignacio's young children spend most of their time playing with and talking to their agemates.
D: Ignacio's children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.
D: Ignacio's children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.
95
```
Doctors can estimate __________ using X-rays of epiphyses.
A: height
B: loss of baby teeth
C: skeletal age
D: weight
```
C: Skeletal age
96
```
Throughout childhood and adolescence, a nutritionally deficient diet is associated with:
A: taller stature.
B: attention difficulties.
C: obesity.
D: higher achievement scores.
```
B: attention difficulties
97
As early as age 2, children:
A: adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listener.
B: dominate the discussion, not allowing the other person to speak.
C: converse and give directions over the phone equally well.
D: take turns and respond appropriately to their partners' remarks.
D: Take turns to respond appropriately to their partners' remarks
98
Differences in development of the two cerebral hemispheres suggests that __________ in early childhood.
A: the right hemisphere is more important than the left hemisphere
B: the left hemisphere is more important than the right hemisphere
C: they are continuing to lateralize
D: activity in both hemispheres is slow
C: They are continuing to lateralize
99
Research on handedness demonstrates that:
A: handedness is strongest for simple skills requiring little practice or training.
B: the orientation of most fetuses-facing toward the right-probably causes right-handedness.
C: right-handers are more likely than left-handers to develop outstanding verbal and mathematical talents.
D: most left-handers have no developmental problems.
D: Most left-handers have no developmental problems
100
```
By age 6 months, infants typically display a smoother, more efficient movement when __________ with their __________ than their __________.:
A: reaching; left; right arm
B: kicking; left; right leg
C: reaching; right; left arm
D: kicking; right; left leg
```
C: Reaching; right; left arm
101
In scaffolding, when the child has little notion of how to proceed, the adult:
A: guides the child to an easier activity.
B: provides direct instruction.
C: withdraws support.
D: turns the responsibility over to the child.
B: Provides direct instruction
102
According to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, two years' exposure to cognitively enriching preschool was associated with:
A: higher education and income at age 40.
B: greater academic achievement, but only for the first two to three years of elementary school.
C: greater false-belief understanding and concern with fairness in solving conflicts with peers.
D: better school adjustment, but not higher academic achievement.
A: Higher education and income at age 40
103
```
Wendy and James pretend to fly. They run around the yard with their arms outstretched. James says, "Wendy, flap your arms. It makes you go faster!" They are engaged in __________ play.
A: cooperative
B: associative
C: parallel
D: nonsocial
```
A: cooperative
104
```
Whether a child is maltreated largely depends on
A: the child's temperament.
B: the parents' characteristics.
C: family size.
D: the child's gender.
```
B: The parents characteristics
105
The majority of abusive and neglectful parents
A: lack "lifelines."
B: have developmental problems.
C: hyperfocus on their children.
D: are skilled at establishing social relationships.
A: Lack "lifelines"
106
Research on physical punishment suggests that Caucasian parents:
A: view physical punishment as necessary for instilling moral values.
B: spank in the context of parental warmth.
C: typically consider physical punishment to be wrong.
D: believe that spanking is done with the child's best interests in mind.
C: typically consider physical punishment to be wrong
107
```
Rachel and Michael play near each other in the sandbox. Rachel uses a scoop and a sifter. Michael uses a pail and a shovel. They do not talk or try to influence each other's behavior. They are engaging in __________ play.
A: cooperative
B: associative
C: parallel
D: nonsocial
```
C: Parallel
108
According to Freud, children
A: listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt.
B: behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others.
C: obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust.
D: obey the superego to avoid guilt.
D: Obey the superego to avoid guilt
109
Which of the following individuals is most likely to handle stress effectively?
A: Sal, whose parents rarely express positive emotions
B: Cara, whose parents punish her when she loses control of her emotions
C: Sean, whose parents explain strategies for controlling feelings
D: Louisa, who experiences negative emotion intensely
C: Sean, whose parents explain strategies for controlling feelings
110
```
Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior.
A: assertive
B: dishonest
C: prosocial
D: self-interested
```
C: Prosocial
111
```
Which of the following children is the most likely to evoke warm, consistent discipline?
A: Ryan, who is fearless
B: Brigham, who has low self-esteem
C: Isabella, who is cooperative
D: Bonny, who is impulsive
```
C: Isabella, who is cooperative
112
Mia bit her brother and threw a tantrum, so her father sent her to her room until she was ready to act appropriately. This technique, known as time out:
A: gives Mia's father a cooling-off period.
B: predicts depressive symptoms.
C: helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior.
D: is not as effective as corporal punishment.
A: Gives Mia's father a cooling-off period
113
The more parents __________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.
A: label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers
B: encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers
C: label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors
D: expect their children to behave like adults
A: Label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with pre-schoolers
114
```
Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl's clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll:
A: is a boy wearing a dress.
B: is androgynous.
C: is now a girl.
D: looks pretty.
```
C: Is now a girl
115
In a study involving mother–child conversations about gender typing:
A: mothers' directly expressed gender attitudes were stereotypical.
B: when children voiced stereotypes, mothers affirmed them only 2 percent of the time.
C: Correct mothers rarely explicitly countered a child's stereotype.
D: mothers rarely called attention to gender.
C: Correct mothers rarely explicitly countered a child's stereotype
116
Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that:
A: girls are especially intolerant of "cross-gender" play in other girls.
B: preschoolers often engage in "cross-gender" activities at home, but rarely do so in the presence of peers.
C: when preschoolers engage in "cross-gender" activities, peers criticize them.
D: preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups.
C: When preschoolers engage in "cross-gender" activities, peers criticize them
117
A few minutes in time out can be enough to change behavior and also allows parents:
A: time to discuss alternative punishments.
B: to use positive discipline.
C: to use induction.
D: time to cool off.
D: Time to cool off
118
Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole:
A: efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels.
B: it is almost impossible to prevent.
C: prevention efforts are not cost-effective.
D: victims are often removed from their homes and communities.
A: efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels
119
```
In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.
A: low-cost, high-quality child care
B: access to quality health care
C: a cognitive component
D: clean and uncrowded living conditions
```
C: a cognitive component
120
Which of the following statements about the development of morality is true?
A: At first, a child's morality is regulated by inner standards.
B: Gradually, a child's morality becomes externally controlled by adults.
C: Moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others' expectations.
D: Truly moral individuals have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.
D: Truly moral individuals have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct
121
```
Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize
A: cooperation.
B: competition.
C: nurturance.
D: physical attractiveness
```
B: Competition
122
Warm parents who __________ strengthen children's capacity to handle stress.
A: explain strategies for controlling feelings
B: rarely express emotion
C: react boldly when angry or frustrated
D: label children's feelings as overemotional
A: explain strategies for controlling feelings
123
```
Which of the following situations would most likely evoke a negative reaction from preschool peers?
A: a boy quietly looking at a book
B: a boy playing with a Barbie doll
C: a girl running in a race
D: a girl wearing overalls
```
B: A boy playing with a Barbie doll
124
```
During a parade, 3-year-old Bart puts his hands over his ears when the band marches by. Bart is engaging in:
A: emotional self-regulation.
B: deduction.
C: induction.
D: self-concept adjustment.
```
A: Emotional self-regualtion
125
In associative play:
A: a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior.
B: a child plays alone or watches other children while they play.
C:children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior.
D: children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.
C: Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
126
Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped beliefs by:
A: labeling gender for children.
B: affirming children's stereotypical gender claims.
C: calling attention to gender.
D: asking children to avoid using gender labels.
D: Asking children to avoid gender labels
127
Authoritative parents:
A: exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children.
B: simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior.
C: combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.
D: insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.
Insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations
128
Jonah, a kindergartener, laughs with and talks to many classmates. Jonah's classmates, in turn, seem to accept him. Jonah probably:
A: needs assistance completing learning tasks.
B: cooperatively participates in classroom activities.
C: receives a lot of teacher attention for misbehavior.
D: exhibits impulse behavior and overactivity.
B: cooperatively participated in classroom activities
129
Violent television programming:
A: creates short-term increases in aggression, but does not have long-term negative consequences.
B: increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions.
C: helps children learn the consequences of misbehavior.
D: only has a negative effect on children who are already highly aggressive.
B: Increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions
130
```
Among Western children, __________ is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and with maladjustment:
A: guilt
B: intense shame
C: sympathy
D: fear
```
B: Intense shame
131
```
our-year-old Harry has parents who show sensitive, empathic concern for his feelings. When another child is unhappy, Harry is likely to respond with:
A: sympathetic concern.
B: fear and anger.
C: frowning and lip biting.
D: anxiety and distress.
```
A: Sympathetic concern
132
Giving young children reasons for changing their behavior:
A: is futile because they do not have the cognitive capacity to process the information.
B: encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense.
C: is not as effective of a motivator as fear of punishment or withdrawal of affection.
D: can lead to denial of emotion and development of a weak conscience
B: Encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense
133
```
Jacob rates his personality as ambitious, affectionate, competitive, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Jacobs's responses indicate a(n) __________ gender identity:
A: androgynous
B: traditionally feminine
C: traditionally masculine
D: abnormal
```
A: Androgynous
134
Preschoolers tend to:
A: overestimate task difficulty.
B: rate their own ability as extremely high.
C: form few self-judgments.
D: distinguish between their desired and their actual competence.
B: Rate their own ability as extremely high
135
Effortful control:
A: involves judgments we make about our own worth.
B: consists of our attributes, abilities, and personal values.
C: continues to be vital in managing emotion during early childhood.
D: does not emerge until the late elementary school years.
C: Continues to be vital in managing emotion during early childhood
136
According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they:
A: are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.
B: identify too strongly with the same-sex parent.
C: identify too strongly with the other-sex parent.
D: have an overly lenient superego.
A: Are threatened, criticized and punished excessively by adults
137
In observational research on Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan:
A: Chinese parents rarely told their preschoolers stories about children's transgressions.
B: Irish-American parents told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds.
C: Irish-American parents told stories interpreting the child's misbehavior as a negative act.
D: Chinese parents told stories stressing the impact of the child's misdeeds on others.
D: Chinese parents told stories stressing the impact of child's misdeeds on others
138
Gender-stereotyped beliefs:
A: strengthen during early childhood.
B: emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways.
C: weaken during the preschool years.
D: are flexible until about age 8, after which they become more rigid.
A: Strengthen during early childhood
