Circulatory

Question 1

efferent side of circulatory system

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

afferent side of circulatory system

Answer 2

veins

Question 3

What is the most prominent coat of arteries?

Answer 3

media

Question 4

in larger arteries the … contains dozens of concentrically arranged, menstruated sheets of elastin, also referred to as laminae

Answer 4

tunica media

Question 5

In large arteries … is a thin layer, compromised mostly of a network of collagen and elastic fibers with scattered fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Answer 5

intima

Question 6

In larger arteries … is a layer of irregularly arranged CT. It is rich in collagen fibers and has a coarser texture.

Answer 6

adventitia

Question 7

nerves in the adventitia of larger arteries are called

Answer 7

nervi vasorum

Question 8

small blood vessels in the adventitia of larger arteries are called

Answer 8

vasa vasorum

Question 9

With aging there is a progressive decline of distensibility of the elastic arteries. This may be related to increased …

Answer 9

cross-linking within the component of elastin

Question 10

What are the prominent layers in muscular or distributing arteries?

Answer 10

media and adventitia

Question 11

In contrast to large arteries the muscular arteries have a … content of elastin and … are not present in the media.

Answer 11

elastin is greatly reduced; fenestrated sheets are not present

Question 12

the outer boundary of the media in muscular arteries is often made prominent by an …., another condensation of elastic fibrils

Answer 12

esternal elastic membrane

Question 13

the intima of muscular arteries is bound addict to the media by a prominent …, which represents a condensation of fibrils of elastin

Answer 13

internal elastic membrane

Question 14

What layer of muscular arteries has fenestrations; thin and lined with flattened endothelial cells

Answer 14

intima

Question 15

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the development of focal thickening (plaques) in the …

Answer 15

intima

Question 16

plaque formation is initiated when … collect at sites of endothelial injury

Answer 16

monocytes

Question 17

in plaque formation monocytes enter the intimate to differentiate into … which proceed to scavenge and digest LDL

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

macrophages become laden with fat during plaque formation and become known as …

Answer 18

foam cells

Question 19

small arteries are easily identifiable by their circular profile and prominent … containing several layers of concentrically arranged SM, with various fibers intermingling

Answer 19

media

Question 20

In small arteries the SM content may form up to … layers

Answer 20

5

Question 21

When the SM content is reduced to 1-2 layers, the vessel is classified as an …. There is no external elastic membrane

Answer 21

arteriole

Question 22

The intimate of small arteries consists of …, opposed to a scalloped internal elastic membrane.

Answer 22

flattened endothelial cells

Question 23

The adventitia of small arteries lacks … but vasomotor nerves continue to associate with thoughts layers of the media

Answer 23

vasa vasorum

Question 24

in comparison to the small artery/arteriole its companion venue shows a much larger …, and little …

Answer 24

larger lumen; little SM content

Question 25

Presence of ... between endothelial cells and adjoining smooth muscle cells in arteries may serve as a conduction device that extend the influence of humoral factors circulated by the blood

Answer 25

gap junctions

Question 26

in capillaries numerous ... may lie in close association to the basal lamina

Answer 26

reticular (type III colagen) fibers

Question 27

continuous endothelium of capillaries, arteries and veins is only interrupted at ...

Answer 27

intercellular junctions

Question 28

The cytoplasm of the continuous endothelial cells is characterized by numerous ... which provide for transcellular transport of large molecules and fluid between the plasma and tissue

Answer 28

endocytotic vesicles

Question 29

The continuous endothelial cells of brain capillaries are joined by ..., no gaps are seen (blood-brain barrier)

Answer 29

zonulae occludentes

Question 30

A diaphramous structure containing ... that repel anionic proteins in plasma appears to "close" the window (fenestrations of endothelium of capillaries)

Answer 30

proteoglycans

Question 31

Relatively undifferentiated cells with long cytoplasmic processes that tend to encircle capillary endothelium; contractile function; capable of differentiating into endothelial cells and SM during growth and repair

Answer 31

pericytes

Question 32

When damaged, endothelium can participate in thrombosis formation by release of von Hillenbrand factor from ...

Answer 32

cytoplasmic Weibel-Palade granules

Question 33

What is the thickest layer of small veins (venues)

Answer 33

adventitia - composed of collagen and elastic fibers

Question 34

As venues increase in diameter, ... become more numerous, and SM cells being to appear

Answer 34

pericytes

Question 35

What is the thickest coat in medium veins?

Answer 35

adventitia - contains abundance of collagen fibers

Question 36

The intima of medium veins lacks an

Answer 36

internal elastic membrane

Question 37

... are present in medium veins, representing folds of intimate

Answer 37

valves

Question 38

Blood flow may be directed from capillary beds by passing directly from arterioles to venues through ...; prominent in skin; important in the regulation of heat loss a the body surface.

Answer 38

A-V anastomoses

Question 39

These structures represent atypical capillaries

Answer 39

sinusoids

Question 40

What coat is the most prominent in the the collecting vessels of the lymphatic system?

Answer 40

media

Question 41

What coat is the thickest in the lymph trucks (right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct)

Answer 41

media

Question 42

Endocardium is thickest in the ... and thinnest in the ...

Answer 42

atria; ventricles

Question 43

a surface layer of polygonal shaped cells, continuous with those of blood vascular system

Answer 43

endothelium

Question 44

moderately dense, irregular CT with fine collagen fibers superficially and many elastic fibers more deeply

Answer 44

subendothelial layer

Question 45

a relatively looser plan of CT, which is predominantly collagen fibers and continuous with the endomysium of the underlying myocardium

Answer 45

subendocardial layer

Question 46

Which layer of the walls of the heart receives innervations from both divisions of the ANS system?

Answer 46

myocardium

Question 47

The myocardium is much thinner in the ... than the ...

Answer 47

atria; ventricles

Question 48

The myocardium in the right ventricle is much ... than that of the left ventricle

Answer 48

thinner

Question 49

terminal branches of the ... pass from the endocardium into the myocardium and give rise to the profuse capillary system

Answer 49

coronary arteries

Question 50

Blood passes from the capillaries into the various cardiac veins, most of which terminate in the ... of the epicardium

Answer 50

coronary sinus

Question 51

Nerves from the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS form the ...

Answer 51

cardia plexus

Question 52

SA node is located in the ... layer at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium

Answer 52

subepicardial layer

Question 53

The AV node and AV bundle lie in the ... of the membranous portions of the inter ventricular septum

Answer 53

subendocardium

Question 54

Valves are covered on both sides by a layer of

Answer 54

endocardium

Question 55

valves contain a supporting layer termed the ..., consisting of collagenous tissue that connects with the fibrous rings (annuli fibrosi) surrounding each valve orifice

Answer 55

fibrosa

Question 56

Fibrosa connects with the ... in the case of the AV valve

Answer 56

chordate tendineae

Question 57

Valves also contain a layer of loose connective tissue termed the ...

Answer 57

spongiosa

Question 58

sponges of valves is rich in ... and is ... in nature

Answer 58

proteoglycans; mucoid

Question 59

Contributes to a valve's pliability and its ability to establish a seal during the cardiac cycle

Answer 59

spongiosa

Question 60

the sponges of the MV develops an exaggerated amount of the ... leading the mitral valve prolapsed

Answer 60

mucoid tissue

Question 61

dense CT that connect the papillary muscles with the fibrous of the leaflets of the AV valves

Answer 61

chordate tendinea