Urinary System Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What % of CO do the kidneys receive?
A
25%
2
Q
The kidneys regulate BP via … production
A
renin
3
Q
The kidneys produce and secrete … which stimulates production of RBCs
A
erythropoietin
4
Q
The kidneys control calcium metabolism by activating …, a vitamin D derivative.
A
1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol
5
Q
concave portion of the kidney, where the renal artery and renal vein and nerves pass
A
hilum
6
Q
the hilum contains the …, which is the funnel-shaped origin of the ureter
A
renal pelvis
7
Q
The space within the hilum, filled with loose connective and adipose tissue
A
renal sinus
8
Q
Outer, reddish area which receives ~90% - 95% of the blood passing through the kidney
A
cortex
9
Q
lighter-colored inner part of kidney
A
medulla
10
Q
Has renal corpuscles and associated tubules of the nephron
A
cortical labyrinth
11
Q
vertical striations in the cortex containing straight tubules of the nephron and collecting ducts
A
medullary rays
12
Q
are similar in composition to cortical tissue (renal corpuscles and associated tubules but NO medullary rays); are considered part of the medulla
A
renal columns
13
Q
formed from the arrangement of tubules in the medulla
A
medullary pyramids
14
Q
the base of the medullary pyramid is found at the
A
cortico-medullary junction
15
Q
the sides of the medullary pyramids consist of
A
half of the renal columns
16
Q
the apical portion of the medullary pyramids is known as the …
A
papilla
17
Q
The tip of the papilla is known as the
A
area cribosa
18
Q
The papilla projects into a
A
minor calyx (which is a branch of the major calyx)
19
Q
The calices are an extension of the
A
renal pelvis
20
Q
medullary (renal) pyramid and the cortical tissue at its base and sides (one half of each renal column)
A
lobe
21
Q
the number of lobes in a kidney equals the number of
A
medullary pyramids
22
Q
Each lobe is subdivided into multiple
A
lobules
23
Q
What consists of a medullary ray located in the center and the surrounding cortical material?
A
lobule
24
Q
A lobule represents a renal …
A
secretory unit
25
What consists of a collecting duct and a group of nephrons that drain into that duct?
renal secretory unit
26
make up 1/8 of all nephrons; the renal corpuscle is close to the base of the medullary pyramid; have long loops of Henle; important for urine concentration
juxtamedullary nephrons
27
Renal corpuscle is located in the outer part of the cortex; have short loops of Henle; majority of nephrons in the kidney
Cortical nephrons
28
The nephron consists of the ... and its tubule system
renal corpuscle
29
Consists of a tuft of capillaries known as the glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule
Renal corpuscle
30
What connects to the collecting tubule and duct
distal convoluted tubule
31
One nephron and its collecting duct form the
uriniferous tubule
32
What is in the cortex (cortical labyrinth)?
1. renal corpuscle
2. proximal and distal convoluted tubules
3. collecting tubules
33
What is in the medullary ray?
1. straight tubules of the nephron
| 2. collecting ducts
34
What is in the outer medulla-outer stripe?
1. proximal and distal straight tubules
| 2. collecting ducts
35
What is in the outer medulla-inner stripe?
1. thin segment of Henle's loop
2. distal straight tubules
3. collecting ducts
36
What is in the inner medulla?
1. thin segment of Henle's loop
| 2. collecting ducts
37
Where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave the renal corpuscle
vascular pole
38
Where the glomerular ultra filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule
urinary pole
39
simple squamous epithelium that lines Bowman's space
parietal layer of Bowman's capsule
40
Contains specialized cells called podocytes that extend processes around the glomerular capillaries
visceral layer
41
receptacle for the ultra filtrate
Bowman's (urinary) space
42
Has numerous fenestrations, but lacks a diaphragm. Have a large number of aquaporins and have a thick, negatively charged glycocalyx
Glomerular Capillary Endothelium
43
Produced by both endothelial cells and the podocytes
Glomerular Basement Membrane
44
Acts as a physical barrier and an ion selective filter (repels anions and restricts the movement of cationic molecules)
Glomerular Basement Membrane
45
What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is adjacent to podocyte processes, rich in negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (for example, heparin sulfate), repels negatively charged molecules
lamina rara external
46
What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is adjacent to capillary endothelium, and has similar features to the l. rara externa
lamina rara interna
47
What layer of the Glomerular Basement Membrane is an overlapping of the lamina rara external and interna, made up of type IV collagen that forms a network; acts as a physical barrier
lamina densa
48
podocytes of the visceral layer of Bowman's Capsule are coated with ... which is negatively charged (also acts as a charge barrier)
podocalyxin
49
podocytes extend processes that surround the capillaries, these processes develop numerous secondary processes called ...
pedicels or foot processes
50
The spaces between the interdigitating foot processes are the ... and are covered by an ultra thin ...
filtration slits; filtration slit diaphragm (acts as a true size-selective physical barrier)
51
The filtration slit diaphragm is a modified ...
adherens junction
52
a transmembrane protein that is an important component of the diaphragm (interdigitate with each other forming a "zipper")
nephrin
53
Refers to the mesangial cells and their extracellular matrix occupying the region between glomerular capillaries; they are most evident at the vascular pole
mesangium
54
The primary function of the mesangial cells is to maintain the structure and function of the ...
glomerular barrier
55
Phagocytes derived from smooth muscle cells
mesangial cells
56
A function of the mesangial cells; remove trapped molecules and renew the basal lamina
phagocytosis
57
A function of the mesangial cells; removal of plasma proteins
endocytosis
58
A function of the mesangial cells; produce components of the mesangial matrix
structural support
59
A function of the mesangial cells; regulates glomerular dissension in response to high BP
Contraction
60
A function of the mesangial cells; these molecules are important factors in responding to glomerular injury
Secretion: IL-1, PDGF
61
located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle; regulates BP, sodium homeostasis and renal dynamics by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
62
Includes the following cells: macula dense, juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), Lacis cells
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
63
Cells of the distal straight tubule located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle at the junction of ht distal straight tubule with the distal convoluted tubule
macula dense cells
64
Macula dense cells are ... cells that control renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and renin release
salt-sensors
65
What mediators are released from macula dense cells?
ATP, NO, prostaglandins
66
Mediators released from macula dense cells stimulate Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete ...
renin
67
Are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole; have rounded nuclei and secretory granules that contain the protease renin
Juxtaglomerular cells
68
Released renin from JG cells converts circulating ... to ...
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
69
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the ...
lung
70
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of ... from the adrenal medulla
aldosterone
71
Aldosterone acts on kidney tubule cells to increase ...
Na+ and water reabsorption -> BV and BP are increased
72
Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) connect with each other via ...
gap junctions
73
Receives ultra filtrate from Bowman's capsule; is the initial and major site of reabsorption (65-70% of water, glucose, Na, Cl, K, and other solutes are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
74
What type of cells make up the PCT?
cuboidal
75
Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - Packed microvilli corresponding to the brush border seen with the LM; well developed glycocalyx that traps and digests small peptides and disaccharides; tight junctions
apical surface
76
Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - vesicles and lysosomes; proteins are endocytosed by PCT cells and endocytosed proteins are degraded in lysosomes
apical cytoplasm
77
Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - contain Na/K-ATPase pumps responsible for Na reabsorption; water follows by osmosis. The membrane also contains the transmembrane water channel, AQP-1
Lateral folds
78
Ultrastructure of PCT Cells - mitochondria; bundles of actin filaments to regulate the movement of fluid from the basolateral extracellular space toward the peritubular capillaries
basal portion
79
What is the size of the DCT in comparison to the PCT?
~1/3 as long as the PCT
80
epithelia cells of DCT are shorted than those of the PCT and lack a ...
prominent brush border
81
DCT is impermeable to water unless what is present?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
82
DCT cells are not actively engaged in endocytosis as in the PCT therefore there are no prominent ...
apical vesicles
83
PST is permeable to
water
84
What is the epithelium of the Thin Segment of Henle's Loop
simple squamous epithelium
85
What portion of the Thin Segment of Henle's Loop is highly permeable to NaCl -> passive diffusion of NaCl into the interstitium?
ascending limb
86
What portion of the Thin Segment of Henle's loop is highly impermeable to water -> tubular fluid becomes hyposmotic with respect to plasma?
ascending limb
87
Ultra filtrate from the PT that enters the thin descending limb of the Thin Segment of Henle's loop is ...
isosmotic related to plasma
88
The medullary interstitium becomes ... due to the transport activity of the loop of Henle
hyperosmotic
89
The Distal Straight Tubule (DS) is the same as the ...
ascending thick limb of Henle's loop
90
In what do the cells have electroneutral transporters (synporters) that allow Cl, Na, and K to enter the cell from the lumen
Distal Straight Tubule
91
Na is actively transported out of the cell at the basolateral surface of ..., result is the transport of ions from the tubular ultra filtrate to the interstitium.
Distal Straight Tubule
92
Is impermeable to water -> separation of water from its solutes occurs here?
Distal Straight Tubule
93
'horizontal tubules' in cortical labyrinth that connect DCT to collecting ducts
collecting tubules
94
What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found in the medullary ray?
cortical collecting duct
95
What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found in the medulla?
medullary collecting duct
96
What part of the collecting tubules and ducts is found at the medullary apex and empty into the minor calyx at the area cribosa?
papillary duct (of Bellini)
97
Which of the 2 types of cells in the collecting ducts is called the collecting duct cells, CD cells?
light or principle cells
98
Light or principle cells have abundant ... regulated water channels responsible for the water permeability of the collecting duct?
ADH
99
What cells of the collecting ducts secrete H+ or bicarb depending on whether the kidney needs to excrete excess acid or alkali?
dark or intercalated cells (IC cells)
100
What cells of the cortical interstitium produce EPO and extracellular matrix components?
fibroblasts
101
What is the major cell of the medullary interstitium?
myofibroblast
102
Oriented to the long axis of the tubules suggesting they function to compress the structures. They also contain abundant actin filaments and secrete prostaglandins.
myofibroblasts
103
Each kidney receives a branch of the abdominal aorta known as the renal artery, which branches in the renal sinus into ...
segmental arteries
104
In the kidney segmental arteries branch into the ... that travel between the pyramids up to the cortex
interlobar
105
At the base of the medullary pyramid the interloper arteries arch and course along the base of the pyramid as the ...
arcuate arteries
106
The arcuate arteries send branches, the ..., into the cortex
interlobular arteries
107
Interlobular arteries branch to form ... - one to each glomerulus to supply the capillaries of the glomerulus
afferent arterioles
108
Glomeruli capillaries form the ...
efferent arteriole
109
Efferent arterioles from the cortical nephrons lead into the ...
peritubular capillaries
110
Efferent arterioles from the juxtamedullary nephrons descend into the medulla(follow loop of Henle) to form the ...
vasa recta
111
What countercurrent system is associated with the Loop of Henle, responsible for producing a hyperosmotic/concentrated urine?
Countercurrent Multiplier System
112
What countercurrent system is associated with the Vasa recta, maintains the osmotic gradient of the medulla?
Countercurrent Exchange System
113
What part of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water and relatively impermeable to solutes?
Descending limb
114
What part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water and permeable to solutes?
Ascending limb
115
In the production of a concentrated urine, ADH acts on terminal portion of ... and the ... to increase permeability to water via water channels (aquaporin 2)
DCT and the collecting ducts
116
Conduct urine from the pelvis to the bladder; lined with transitional epithelium
ureters
117
What is the adventitia of the ureters?
adipose tissue, vessels and nerves
118
What is the smooth muscle of the bladder wall?
detrusor muscle
119
Parasympathetic fibers from the spinal cord segments S2 to S4 innervate the muscle bundles of the bladder and form the efferent fibers of the ...
micturition reflex
120
What is the epithelium of the female urethra?
transitional to stratified squamous
121
Paraurethral glands of the female urethra produce an ...
alkaline secretion
