Respiratory

Question 1

The respiratory system develops from the …

Answer 1

evagination of the foregut

Question 2

What is the epithelium lining the conducting portions “respiratory epithelium” of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 3

What is the epithelium lining the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

combo of simple cuboidal and squamous epithelium

Question 4

The intrapulmonary parts of the respiratory system are held open by …

Answer 4

negative pressure

Question 5

Axons of olfactory cells pass through the … to innervate the olfactory bulb.

Answer 5

cribiform plate

Question 6

The nasal cavities communicate with the pharynx via the …

Answer 6

choanae

Question 7

what cells, with small microvilli are thought to transmit sensory signals via the trigeminal nerve (may initiate sneeze reflex)

Answer 7

Brush cells

Question 8

Stem cells that can replace the other cell types

Answer 8

basal cells

Question 9

Particles are entrapped by the secretions of goblet cells in the …

Answer 9

epithelium

Question 10

Particles are entrapped by mixed mucus/serus glands in the …

Answer 10

lamina proper

Question 11

A dark line at the surface of respiratory epithelium results from the alignment of the …

Answer 11

basal bodies

Question 12

Adjacent cells are attached via …

Answer 12

zonula occludes and macula adherens

Question 13

In the cell apex are the U-shaped basal bodies that serve as the source of, and anchoring sites for …

Answer 13

cilia

Question 14

The secretions of the mixed glands and the goblet cells form a … on the top of the epithelial surface; components of which form a “mucociliary escalator”

Answer 14

biphase layer

Question 15

What epithelium is also a pseudostratified columnar epithelium but is distinct from the respiratory epithelium in that it contains no goblet cells?

Answer 15

olfactory epithelium

Question 16

Bipolar neurons that innervate the olfactory bulb of the brain

Answer 16

olfactory cells

Question 17

Olfactory cells have modified cilia that express receptors for …

Answer 17

various odorants

Question 18

olfactory cells (bipolar neurons) are surrounded by … that provide mechanical and metabolic support.

Answer 18

sustentacular cells

Question 19

The lamina propria contains … that produce serous secretions that flush the epithelium so olfactory stimuli are washed away. This ensures that no new odors can be detected.

Answer 19

Bowman’s glands

Question 20

When an AP is generated and travels in the olfactory nerves, through the cribriform plate, and innervates the olfactory bulb. There the nerves synapse in a complicated structure known as the …

Answer 20

olfactory glomerulus

Question 21

Within the olfactory glomerulus the odor signal is transferred to the … which send axons to other regions of the brain.

Answer 21

mitral cells

Question 22

Epithelium of the nasopharynx is similar to what?

Answer 22

respiratory - pseudostratified columnar

Question 23

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Answer 23

stratified squamous

Question 24

What glands of the lamina propria are in the nasopharynx?

Answer 24

seromucus glands

Question 25

What glands of the lamina propria are in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Answer 25

muscus glands

Question 26

Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the ... during swallowing

Answer 26

larynx

Question 27

What two cartilages surround the larynx?

Answer 27

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

Question 28

true vocal cords

Answer 28

vocal folds

Question 29

fasle vocal cords

Answer 29

ventricular folds

Question 30

Space between the vocal folds and ventricular folds?

Answer 30

ventricle

Question 31

Above the ventricular folds is the ...

Answer 31

vestibule

Question 32

the ... as well as the nasal cavity contributes to resonance.

Answer 32

vestibule

Question 33

Trachea epithelium is ...

Answer 33

"respiratory epithelium" - pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Question 34

The submucosa of the trachea contains what kind of glands?

Answer 34

mixed serous mucus glands

Question 35

In the trachea mucus acini can contain ... that help move mucus from the gland

Answer 35

serus demilunes

Question 36

The C-shaped cartilage of the trachea is joined by the ..., this allows flexibility at the junction with the esophagus which is bound by it as well.

Answer 36

trachealis muscle

Question 37

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi induces ...

Answer 37

folding of the mucosa

Question 38

The pulmonary arteries have a thin ..., much like that of a vein.

Answer 38

tunica media

Question 39

Bronchioles are similar to bronchi except they have no ... and no ..., and only the largest bronchioles have ...

Answer 39

No glands and no cartilage; goblet cells

Question 40

The smallest conducting bronchiole

Answer 40

terminal bronchiole

Question 41

terminal bronchiole leads to ... which are passageways to alveoli

Answer 41

respiratory bronchioles

Question 42

Divide and differentiate to form both ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 42

Clara cells

Question 43

What 2 things to Clara cells secrete?

Answer 43

lipoprotein and Clara cell protein (CC16)

Question 44

Useful marker of lung damage (decreased levels in lung due to ... damage, increased levels in blood due to leakage across blood-air barrier).

Answer 44

Clara cell protein; Clara cell damage

Question 45

Clara cells show basal ... and apical ...

Answer 45

rER; secretory granules

Question 46

Clara cells also have ... in their apex. This is important in detoxifying inhaled substances.

Answer 46

sER

Question 47

Endothelial cells of lung capillaries produce ..., which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

Answer 47

Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE)

Question 48

Type II pneumocytes contain ...

Answer 48

lamella bodies

Question 49

Hyperplasia of Type II cells is a marker of

Answer 49

alveolar injury

Question 50

accounts for most surface-tension reducing properties

Answer 50

DPPC

Question 51

Surfactant synthesis is modulated at 35 weeks of gestation by (4 things)

Answer 51

cortisol, insulin, prolactin, thyroxine

Question 52

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: basement membrane of trachea becomes ...

Answer 52

thicker

Question 53

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: what affect does it have on goblet cells?

Answer 53

increase the number and they produce more muscus

Question 54

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: on cilia

Answer 54

lose synchronous beating pattern; ciliated cells lose cilia; both impairing muscus removal

Question 55

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: loss of olfactory neurons causes ...

Answer 55

decreased ability to detect odors

Question 56

Respiratory system changes due to smoking: ciliated cells replaced with ...

Answer 56

stratified squamous cells