Circulatory System Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Where is the circulatory system derived from?
A
Mesoderm
2
Q
Functions of the circulatory system
A
Transports gases, nutrients, waste, products, hormones, heat, fights infections, blood clotting
3
Q
Transports gases
A
CO2 and O2
4
Q
nutrients
A
Sugar, proteins, fats, carbohydrates
5
Q
waist products
A
Urea
6
Q
hormones
A
Communication
7
Q
Heat
A
Homeostasis
8
Q
Fights infection
A
Cellular and humoral
9
Q
Blood clotting
A
Platelets and clotting proteins
10
Q
Angiogenesis
A
Creation of new blood vessels under hormonal control
11
Q
HEMOPOIESIS
A
Development of the cells of blood
12
Q
Vasoconstruction and vasodilation
A
Changing the diameter of a blood vessels due to the action of smooth muscle found in the vessel wall
13
Q
Systolic
A
Systolic phase, the heart contracts, blood pressure rises in blood moves out along the vessels
14
Q
Diastolic
A
And diastolic phase, the heart relaxes, blood pressure falls in the blood fills the heart
15
Q
Normal systolic range
A
110+ or -10
16
Q
Normal diastolic range
A
70+ or -10
17
Q
The heart is
A
A muscular pump of cardiac muscle
18
Q
The heart contains blank that regulates rate, but rate can also be influenced by blank
A
Pacemaker cells, autonomic nervous system
19
Q
Bradycardia
A
Decrease in heart rate
20
Q
Tachycardia
A
Increase in heart rate
21
Q
open circulatory system
A
Blood spends a portion of the time in the vessel of the system, and the other portion of the time in a modified body cavity called a HEMOCOEL
22
Q
Closed Circulatory system
A
Blood spends entire time circulating inside the vessels of the circulatory system. This is vertebrates.
23
Q
Arteries and arterioles
A
Carry blood away from the heart, have muscular elastic walls, terminate, in capillary beds
24
Q
Capillaries
A
Have pre-capillary sphincter, have very thin walls, are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
25
Veins, venules
Carry blood back to the heart, have less muscle in their walls and arteries, but the walls have very little Latin, begin at the end of capillary beds
26
TUNICA INTIMA
Most inner layer, Endothelium and underlying connective and elastic tissue, some smooth muscle in veins
27
TUNICA MEDIA
Middle layer, Smooth muscles, arteries, equal, circular, veins, equal, circular, and longitudinal and elastic membranes
28
TUNICA ADVENTITIA
Outer layer, Connective tissue with some exception
29
Components of whole blood
Plasma is 55% and is the least dense
Buffy COAT contains leukocytes and platelets and is less than one percent of the whole blood
Erythrocytes is 45% of the whole blood and is the most dense component
30
Blood samples kept from clotting separate into two components
Straw colored plasma and a red cellular portion, which contains RBCs, WBCs, platelets
31
if centrifuged,
Buffy Cote of WBC's and platelets found at interface of plasma and RBC's
32
Blood volume of average size adult human is one of its bodyweight
68%
33
Plasma is mostly what
Water
34
Blood contains what percentage of plasma
50 to 60%
35
What does plasma transport?
It's a medium for RBC, WBC's and platelets
36
what is plasma?
A solvent for molecules, such as sugars, oxygen CO2 and plasma proteins
37
Proteins and blood
ALBUMIN, globulins, FIBRINOGENS, other
38
What is the major protein in blood?
ALBUMIN 60%
39
Most non-immune related blood proteins are formed in the
Liver
40
some other proteins in the blood
Factor five, TRANSFERRIN, thrombin, immunoglobulins, protein C
41
erythrocytes
These are red blood cells, transfer O2 and CO2 via hemoglobin
42
leukocytes
White blood cell cells, various function functions in the immune system system
43
Platelets
Cellular fragments originating from MEGAKARYOCYTES in the bone marrow and functioning and clotting
44
Granulocytes or what type of cell
Leukocytes
45
Granulocytes include
Neutrophils, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS
46
AGRANULOCYTES is what type of cell
Leukocyte
47
AGRANULOCYTES include
Lymphocytes and monocytes
48
What does a neutrophile do?
Destroys bacteria by phagocytosis
49
What does EOSINOPHILS do
Turn off, allergic responses and kills parasites
50
What does BASOPHILS do
Releases, histamine, and other mediators of inflammation
51
What does lymphocytes do?
Direct cell attack by T cells or by antibodies B cells
52
What do monocytes do?
Phagocytosis, development of macrophages and tissues
53
What do platelets do?
Seal small tears and blood vessels, instrumental, and blood clotting
54
Do MAMMALIAN red blood cells have a nucleus
No
55
Do fish, amphibians, birds and reptile, red blood cells have a nucleus
Yes
56
What is this a picture of?
Amphibian red blood cells
57
Do sizes of red blood cells and vertebrate species VARY
Yes, frogs are really big compared to the humans which is tiny
58
Thrombocytes of early vertebrates are functionally equivalent to
Mammal platelets
59
What is this a picture of?
60
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph hearts
61
Where is the lymphatic system found?
Most soft tissue of the body,
62
Where does the lymphatic system begin?
begin as blind and lymph capillaries that collect interstitial fluid
63
Lymphatic system in birds and mammals include
Vowel's present that prevent backflow
64
The lymphatic system empties into
One or more veins like the vena cava or posterior cardinal
65
Lymph nodes are
Located along lymph vessels, contain a lot of lymphocytes and macrophages
66
Lymph heart
Consist of pulsating, smooth muscle that propels lymph fluid through lymph vessels. This is found in fish, amphibians and reptiles.
67
CHYLE
Fatty lymph from intestinal vessels called lacteals
68
where are a lot of lymph vessels and nodules present
Stomach and intestines
69
What does the spleen do?
Filters, blood, removes old, red blood cells, and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron
70
In the spleen, the globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive. Amino acids in the heme portion is metabolized to.
bilirubin
71
Where does BILIRUBIN go after the spleen
To the liver for removal
72
What does the spleen do with bacteria?
Removes antibody coated bacteria along with antibody coded blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation
73
Red pulp
Mechanical filtration of red blood cells
74
White pulp
Active immune response through humoral and cell mediated pathways
75
Where are the pacemaker cells located?
Sinus venosus
76
What are all chambers of the heart?
Cardiac muscle and contractile
77
What type of circulation do amphibians have?
Double
78
Blood flow to aortic arches and amphibians
A sphincter in the base of the pulmonary artery prevents blood flow to the long during diving, increasing cutaneous respiration
79
In a lizard compared to amphibians, sinus venosus is what
Reduce in size
80
In the lizard, conus arteriosus is divided in adults, becoming the following arteries
Trunks of the pulmonary artery, left and right systemic
81
lizard heart flow 1
Opening of sinus venosus
82
Lizard heart flow two
CAVUM venosum fills mostly with deoxygenated blood from right atrium, which then moves onto the cavum pulmonale
83
Lizard heart flow three and four
Blood from CAVUM Vinos CAVUM space PULMONALE, most goes onto the pulmonary artery, becomes oxygenated in the lungs
84
Lizard heart flow five
Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
85
Lizard, heart flow six
CAVUM arteriosum receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, which then travels through the interventricular canal and exit via the left and right systemics
86
alternation of blood flow in the turtle heart when diving
Right to left a cardiac shunt when diving. A sphincter and the base of the pulmonary artery tightens reducing blood flow to the lungs. The deoxygenated blood to the CAVEN PULMONALE will flow to left systemic.
A right to left shunt allows the oxygenated systemic venous blood to bypass the lungs in return to the body.
87
Blood flow through the crocodile heart when breathing air or diving.
Sinus venosus empties into the right atrium, ventricles are divided by complete inter ventricular septum. Left systemic connected to right ventricle. Right systemic connect to left ventricle. Left and right systemic connects by foramen of PANIZZa.
Canis arteriosus becomes the following arteries: pulmonary, left and right aortic trunks, with one way, lunar valves at each base
Right to left cardiac shunt is constriction of sphincter at the vase of pulmonary artery and vasa construction of the vascular supply to lungs. CT valves shut down pulmonary outflow. Blood in the right ventricle goes to the left systemic.
88
Bird heart sinus venosus
Reduced
88
In the bird heart, the conus arteriosus becomes
Pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch
89
Bird heart ventricles
Completely separated
89
Endothermy and the bird heart
Endothermy may require complete separation of the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
89
What is the sinus venosus reduced to in the mammal heart
Sinoatrial node of the right atrium
90
What does the cones arteriosus become in the mammal heart
Pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
90
Where is the aorta in the bird heart?
Right
91
Endothermy and the mammal heart
Endothermy may require complete separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
92
Where is the aorta in the mammal heart?
Left
93
Mammal heart development
One, endothelial tubes begin to fuse
To heart starts pumping
Three heart continues to be and elongate\
For bending continues as ventricle moves, caudaly, and atrium moves cranially
Five bending is complete
94
Mammal placenta and blood flow
Oxygenated blood from placenta returns to fetus through umbilical veins. Half to liver half bypasses via DUCTUS venosus to hepatic vein to write atrium. Blood reaching the right atrium can flow directly to the left atrium via the FORAMEN OVALE. 90% of blood reaches the pulmonary artery, bypasses the lung via the DUCTUS arteriosus going the dorsal aorta.
95
Blood flow in lungfish versus amphibian
In a lungfish the amphibian, the blood coming back to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
In lungfish out through the Conness arteriosus to the gi/lungs or to the body
In amphibians out from the heart of the cones arteriosus to the lungs or to the body
96
Lung fish circulation
Blood returning from along to the heart tends to be directed to the aortic arches that don't have gills. Blood returning from the systemic circulation tends to go to arches with gills. When breathing air more blood is directed towards the lungs.
97
Carotid RETE
It's located at the base of the brain and is for cooling blood going to the brain. This is also also known as a circle of Willis.
98
Turbinate bones with vascular network
Cools blood going to the carotid RETE
99
Evolution of AORTIC arches
In the bird, the right side equals aortic arch,
In reptile developed bypass,
In mammals the left side became the aortic arch
