Digestive System Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Digestive system is derived from what
A
Endoderm
2
Q
Functions of digestive system
A
Physical/mechanical treatment, transportation, chemical treatment, absorption, elimination
3
Q
Physical/mechanical treatment
A
Teeth, gizzard
4
Q
Transportation
A
Cela, PERISTALSIS
5
Q
Absorption
A
Time for digestion, surface area
6
Q
Content of the gut
A
BOLUS this is what you swallow
CHIME dIGESTA
7
Q
Food sources
A
Fats, carbohydrates, starch, cellulose, proteins
8
Q
Who are insectivores?
A
Shrews
9
Q
Who are FOLIVORES?
A
Koalas
10
Q
Who are FRUGIVORES
A
Lemurs
11
Q
Who are GRANIVORES
A
Seeds
12
Q
Who are nECTARIVORE
A
Honey possum
13
Q
Purpose of STOMODEUM/BUCCAL cavity
A
It’s a mouth so that’s where our food enters. Structures outside of the mouth and cyclostomes are incorporated in the mouth in the fish.
14
Q
What are oral seals?
A
The interior(lip), middle(soft palette/tongue) and posterior(back of tongue/epiglottis)
15
Q
Speaking has its downsides, increase likelihood of choking
A
In humans, the posterior oral seal is absent because of the PHARYNX drops lower, which allows us to produce sound. Greater potential for food and air to mix.
16
Q
Air moves through the NASOPALATINE duct into the
A
VOMERONASAL Organ
17
Q
What is the Vomeronasal organ?
A
Thought to have a role in sensing pheromones, but it is unclear in humans
18
Q
classification of teeth?
A
Tooth height, OCCLUSAL surface, attachment to jaw
19
Q
THEOCODONT teeth attachment to jaw
A
Buried in jaw in a socket. This includes crocodiles and mammals.
20
Q
ACRODONT teeth attachment to jaw
A
On top of jawbone connected by ligament. This includes TELEOSTS, amphibians, TUATARa, snakes
21
Q
PLEURODONTT attachment to jaw
A
Similar to aCRODONT, but attached on the side. Example of this is lizard.
22
Q
MONOPHYODONT is
A
Having a tooth or set of teeth that are not replaced during lifetime
23
Q
DIPHYODONT
A
Having a tooth or teeth replace once during lifetime
24
Q
POLYPHYODONT
A
Having a two teeth that are continually replace during lifetime
25
The ODONTOBLASTS is from what?
Neural crest
26
ODONTOBLASTS is found in the
Derma
27
OODONTOBLASTS produce
Denton
28
Enable OrgAN is from
Epidermis
29
Class SYNAPSIDA, order THERAPSIDA have something special about their teeth. What is it?
First appearance of differentiated teeth, mammals inherited these teeth. Their teeth include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
30
Mastication and mammals, carnassial teeth
Sliced through soft but SINEWY foods
31
Mastication in mammals, grinding teeth
CORRUGATED OCCLUSAL surfaces allow for grinding of fibrous foods
32
mastication in mammals, compression teeth
Pulverize hard foods.
33
What types of teeth do mammals have?
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
34
What are the functions of incisors?
The front teeth, or for biting and cutting
35
What is the purpose of canines?
Stabbing and holding
36
What is the purpose of premolars and molars?
They line the jaw, and as the mammal choose, it's upper and lower molars fit together crushing and grinding the food
37
How can you determine a mammals diet?
By examining its teeth
38
Types of teeth, DECIDUOUS versus molar
DUCIDUOUS teeth equals baby teeth that will be replaced
Molars equals one set, not replaced
39
The orientation of enamel and dentine in beavers
The enamel is on top and Dentine is inside. This is because the upper and lower incisor are continuously growing.
40
What is special about the elephant upper incisor
They are continuously growing
41
Specializations of DIASTEMA
a gap or space between two adjacent teeth, most commonly found between the two front teeth
42
use of narwhal TUSK?
Able to detect changes in temperature, pressure, salinity to help it survive in the Arctic environment
43
What do elephants use their TUSKS for?
Defense, forging, digging
44
Do ants eaters have teeth
No, they have a long time in salivary glands
45
Tongue of the woodpecker.
Super long when extended
46
What are beaks made of?
Keratin
47
Tongue of the chameleon
Long and stretchy
48
Snake trachea
When it eats the snake trachea extends
49
Specialization of pit viper
Pit viper with movable pair of fangs on the maxillary bone. Venom has a role in digestion.
50
Snakes and smelling.
Snake sample the air with their tongue, bring it into their mouth and place it on the VOMERONASAL Organ
51
Jaw of the eel
In the MORAYE, they have a PHARYNGEAL job when they open their mouth, it extends outward. It is still in the job, but it is more anterior.
52
What is the ALIMENTARY canal?
Esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, common, urinary bladder, cloaca
53
What is the BUCCAL cavity?
Space between lips, cheek, and teeth
54
Oral cavity
Space between teeth, hard and soft, palette, tongue
55
Is the lamprey digestive system well differentiated
No
56
Derivative of the gut, evolution/development
Cells develop a function, division of labor, different cell specialize, and have one or two major functions, location cells of one type may localized together if diverticulum forms may become a recognized organ
57
Example examples of derivatives of the gut
Salivary glands – derived from unicellular glands
Lung – increased surface area of PHARYNX
Pancreas – endocrine and exocrine
58
In the pancreas, endocrine cells
Are alpha cells and beta cell cells.
59
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
60
Beta cells secret
Insulin
61
In the pancreas, exocrine glands secrete
At least a dozen specific digestive enzymes
62
Origin of pancreas and AMPHIOXUS
No pancreas, but cells in intestine produced digestive enzymes
63
In CYCLOSTOMES origin of pancreas
Pancreatic like cells are located around the common bile duct
64
Origin of pancreas and lungfish
Similar to CYCLOSTOMMES
65
Origin of pancreas and vertebrates
Endocrine function in the intestinal wall, celling, both in insulin and glucagon
66
Major salivary glands
Paraded, sublingual, anterior and posterior
67
What starts digestive process?
AMYLASE in saliva
68
What does snake venom do in digestion?
Immobilizes pray and initiates digestion. Digestion time much longer, less efficient transfer of nutrients without venom injection.
69
Layers of ALIMENTARY canal
Mucosa, submucosa, MUSCULARIS externa, SEROSA -most outer
70
What makes up mucosa?
Surface epithelium, lamina PROPRIA, muscle layer
71
What makes up the MUSCULARIS externa
Longitudinal, muscle layer, outer, circular muscle layer, inner
72
What is the purpose of stomach?
Digestion
73
What is the purpose of the small intestine?
digestion/absorption of nutrients
74
What is the purpose of the large intestine
Absorption of water
75
What lines, the esophagus
Stratified squamous
76
What lines the rest of the digestive tract
Simple COLUMNAR
77
Crop of birds
A diverticulum within or anterior to the esophagus. Functions for storage for many species. Crop milk and pigeons, pellet formation and raptor.
78
PROVENTRICULUS
The actual gland, alert, stomach, posterior to crop and interior to gizzard
79
Gizzard
Muscular organ that uses swallowed stones to further breakdown food. Found in some dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, and alligators. Posterior to proventriculus.
80
Structures of the stomach
Esophageal from the top, cardiac is only a mammal, then fundus, then pyloric
RUGAE is in the stomach, which increases surface area
81
Why are structures of the stomach different?
Glands differ within cardiac, FUNDUS and pyloric region
82
The composition of stomach is the same amongst all animals or different
Different
83
What type of glands are in submucosa of the duodenum?
BRUNNERS gland
84
LaCTEAL are
A lymph vessel
85
LACTEALS have a role in
Absorption of fats in the small intestine
86
Order of structures and small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, Ilium
87
what does the duodenum do?
Absorption in principle site of digestion
88
What does the jejunum do?
Principal site of absorption
89
What does the Ilium do?
Principle side of water and electrolyte reabsorption
90
When is the intestine lengthened
When spiral valve is absent for example in cyclostome, SARCOTERYGIAN
91
The more vegetable matter that is eaten the bigger than what
CECUM
92
What is the CECUM needed for?
Fermentation of cellulose
93
Who typically has bigger CECUMS
Mammals
94
AMYLOSE
One form a starch, easily digested by a MYLOSE in the saliva
95
Cellulose
Not easily digested. Vertebrates cannot digest cellulose on their own.
96
Fermenters
Forgut and hindgut
97
Foregut fermentation
Chewed, swallowed food goes to RUMEN
Microorganisms perform fermentation with cellulose in the RUMEN and reticulum, the digesta moves back-and-forth between the two
Undigested organic matter is moved back to the mouth for Remis, increases surface area for fermentation. Repeated as necessary.
DIGESTA moves to OMASUN where volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and water or absorbed before moving DIGESTA into high acidic ABOMASUN where microorganisms are digested = protein
98
Hindgut fermenter
Small stomach and small intestines compared to see them in large intestine. Fermentation occurs in CECUM volatile fat asses are absorbed, but not protein from microorganisms.
99
Example, examples of FOREGUT fermentation
Goat, camels, bison, cow, dear
100
Example, examples of hindgut ferment
Rabbits, pigs, horses, koalas, amphibians, reptiles, birds
101
Release of bile is under
Hormonal control
102
Release of hormone blank release in response to fat consumption… Opening a sphincter
CHOLECYSTOKININ
103
When CCK is released into the duodenum, what does it stimulate?
Release of stored bile
104
BILE blanks fat
Emulsifies
