Circulatory System (Exam II) Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
A
Transport O2, CO2, Nutrients, (to the tissue) and remove metabolic waste (from the tissue)
2
Q
What are the secondary functions of the circulatory system?
A
Thermoregulation
Transport of immune cells
Transport of hormones
3
Q
Vascular system consisting of heart and blood vessels
A
Blood vascular system
4
Q
What are the two components of the circulatory system?
A
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
5
Q
Describe the route of pulmonary circulation:
A
Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs-> pulmonary vein -> left atrium
6
Q
Describe the path of systemic circulation:
A
Left atrium —> Left ventricle —> aorta —> rest of body
7
Q
What is the name for extravascular fluid?
A
Lymph
8
Q
Passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid (lymph) to blood vascular system:
A
Lymph vascular system
9
Q
What does the lymph vascular system lack?
A
Intrinsic pump
10
Q
Due to absence of pump, the lymph vascular system relies on: (2)
A
Muscle contraction and body movement
11
Q
What type of circulatory systems do humans have?
A
Closed circulatory system
12
Q
The closed circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation that occurs on the ____ side of the heart and systemic circulation that occurs on the ____ side of the heart.
A
Pulmonary = right side
Systemic = left side
13
Q
The two major types of circulatory systems:
A
Open and closed
14
Q
Circulatory system in which there are no vessels, but contains a heart that pumps fluid around that circulates within body cavities
A
Open
15
Q
What is the limiting factor of an open circulatory system:
A
Body size (once you exceed a certain body size, it becomes inefficient)
16
Q
Circulatory system in which the blood is contained within vessels/ plumbing of the body:
A
Closed circulatory system
17
Q
The systemic circulatory system takes ____ and distributes it to the rest of the body.
A
Oxygenated blood
18
Q
Blood vessels of the circulatory system have a common basic structure with:
A
Three concentric layers
19
Q
The 3 concentric layers of the blood vessels are commonly referred to as:
A
Tunics
20
Q
The innermost vascular tunic:
A
Tunica intima
21
Q
What type of cells comprise the tunica intima:
A
Simple squamous endothelial cells lining lumen
22
Q
The innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining the lumen
A
Tunica intima
23
Q
Describe the thickness of the tunica intima:
A
1-2 cells thick- very thin
24
Q
The tunica intima forms a ____ barrier supported by _____.
A
Semi-permeable barrier supported by a basement membrane
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Specialized discontinuous tight junctions between endothelial cells of the tunica intima:
Fascia occludens
26
What do the fascia occludens of the tunica intima do?
Allows WBCs to extravasate
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The tunica intima contains variable amounts of:
Subendothelial connective tissue
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If present, separates the tunica intima from the tunica media
Internal elastic lamina
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What makes up the internal elastic lamina?
Elastic fibers
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The highly variable middle layer (vascular tunic)
Tunica media
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The tunica media is comprised of:
Smooth muscles cells and fibroblastic connective tissue
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In arteries, the tunica media is:
The thickest of layers
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In arteries the tunica media may contain:
Reticulin (type 3 collagen) & elastic fibers
34
In veins, the tunica media tends to be:
Somewhat thinner
35
What is reticulin?
Type III collagen
36
If present, located between tunica media and tunica adventitia
External elastic lamina
37
What two layers may or may not be present in a vessel?
Internal and external elastic lamina
38
Describe arrangement of elastic fibers in external elastic lamina?
Not well organized
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What determines an inner or outer elastic lamina will be present?
Size of vessel
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The outermost layer (vascular tunic)
Tunica adventitia
41
The vascular tunic that is comprised of loose fibroblastic connective tissue
Tunica adventitia
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The tunica adventitia contains:
Loose fibroblastic connected tissue and fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells
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Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in arteries:
Thin
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Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in veins:
Thickest
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In larger vessels, the tunica adventitia may contain:
Vasa vasorum
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Small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and tunica adventitia in both large arteries and veins:
Vasa vasorum
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The tunica adventitia contains what type of nerves?
Autonomic nerves
48
The autonomic nerves of the tunica adventitia:
Nervi vasculares
49
Responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls:
Nervi vasculares
50
What two functions are the Nervi vasculares responsible for?
Vasconstriction and vasodilation
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Most common fiber of tunica adventitia:
Fibroblasts
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Decrease of lumen diameter due to action on smooth muscle of tunica media by sympathetic post ganglionic nerve fibers
Vasoconstriction
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Vasoconstriction is due to the action of what nerve fibers?
Sympathetic post ganglionic
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The three debated causes of vasodilation:
1. Absence/inhibition of sympathetic stimulation
2. Accomplished via indirect paratsympathetic innervation
3. When oxygen tension in cells is low causing smooth muscle to relax
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When Endothelial cells to release NO (Nitrous oxide) which secondarily causes smooth muscles to relax, this is an example of vasodilation caused by:
Indirect parasympathetic innervation
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In response to low oxygen tension, smooth muscle in wall of arterioles:
Relax causing vasodilation
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Specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels (2)
Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
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Specialized sensory receptor located in carotid sinus and aortic arch
Baroreceptor- detect BP
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Baroreceptors detect blood pressure by:
Detecting stretch in walls of vessel
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Specialized sensory receptor located at bifurcation of carotid aorta and in aortic bodies of the aortic arch
Chemoreceptors
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Chemoreceptors function by:
Detect changes in composition of blood (O2, CO2, pH)
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How do chemoreceptors monitor pH?
By monitoring hydrogen ion concentration
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What system conducts blood AWAY from the heart and TO the capillary bed
Arterial system
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What system returns blood FROM capillaries and TO heart?
Venous system
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Cyclical pumping of heart causes:
Pulsatile blood flow
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Contractions of ventricles:
Systole
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Systole causes:
Pressure wave
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Relaxation of the heart:
Diastole
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Diastole causes:
Decrease in pressure
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Normal blood pressure:
120/80 mm Hg
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Expansion and recoil of _____ maintains blood pressure
Elastic arteries
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Regulation of blood pressure is accompanied by changes in:
Diameter of blood vessels
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Regulation of BP is accompanied by changes in diameter of blood vessels; occurs via ______ control of _____ in vessel walls
Sympathetic control; smooth muscle
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Arteries contain larges amounts of _____ & _____
Elastin & smooth muscle
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In arteries, the vessel wall is _____ relative to lumen diameter
Thick
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What two arteries carry unoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary and umbilical
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What determines the name of the vessel?
The direction of blood flow relative to the heart
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What causes an ejection of blood volume in the heart?
Systole
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A drop in BP is commonly seen in what phase of blood pressure?
Diastole
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In the case of elastic arteries, the large volume of elastin in the walls of these vessels minimizes ____ and encourages ____.
Expansion and encourages elastic recoil.
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The large amounts of collagen and elastin in the arterial wall, promotes a more:
Rigid vessel
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When blood vessels constrict the pressure:
Increases
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When blood vessels relax, pressure:
Decreases
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Blood pressure thorough the body is regulated by change diameter in vessel size- accomplished by sympathetic control of smooth muscle in the:
Tunica media
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What is the size of elastic arteries?
Greater than 1cm in diameter
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What are the large conducting blood vessels that receive blood directly from the heart?
Elastic arteries
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What are the examples of elastic arteries? (4)
1. Aorta
2. Common carotid
3. Subclavian
4. Pulmonary artery
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Elastic arteries have sheets of elastic tissue in the:
Tunica media
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In elastic arteries, there are sheets in elastic in the tunica media help to:
Helps to maintain BP between systole and diastole
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Thickest layer of elastic artery?
Tunica media
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Elastic arteries possess both:
Internal and external elastic lamina
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If the blood vessels takes up the entire slide it’s most likely:
Elastic artery
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What is the diameter of muscular arteries?
~2-10 mm
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Medium sized distributing arteries
Muscular arteries
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Arteries that have more smooth muscle and less elastin in tunica media when compared to elastic arteries:
Muscular arteries
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Thickest layer in muscular artery?
Tunica Media
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A muscular artery contains a distinct _____; while a larger muscular artery may also contain _____.
Internal elastic lamina; external elastic lamina
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Diameter of arterioles:
~10-100 micrometers
99
Vessels containing relatively little smooth muscle:
Arterioles
100
The tunica media of arterioles is around:
~2-3 cells thick
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Absent in arterioles:
Elastic lamina
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The terminal branches of arteriole system supplies:
Capillary beds
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Arterioles provide the major sites of:
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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Arterioles regulate the distributions of blood via:
Pre-capillary sphincters
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What are the intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles
Pre-capillary sphincters
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What are small diameter arterioles that are intermediate in size between arterioles and capillaries?
Metaarterioles
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Metarterioles are in between the size of:
Arterioles & Capillaries
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In general, the amount of smooth muscle ___ with increase in diameter of vessel (and the relative amount of connective tissue ____)
Smooth muscle increases
Connective tissue decreases
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Last blood vessels that you would see before capillary ends?
Met arterioles
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In a Metarteriole, the tunica media has become so thin that it is no longer _____.
Continuous
111
Concerned with exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites, & waste products
Microcirculiation
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What are the components that microcirculation is concerned with? (Exchange of:)
1. Gases
2. Fluids
3. Nutrients
4. Metabolites
5. Waste products
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Microcirculation occurs primarily within ____ but also includes ____ & _____.
Capillaries
Arterioles & Venules
114
What are the thin walled vessels ~8-10 micrometers in diameter?
Capillaries
115
Capillaries are lined by thin ____ layer of ___ cells.
Single; endothelial
116
What are capillaries supported by? (2)
Basal lamina & small #’s of pericytes
117
What regulates blood flow to capillaries themselves?
Arterioles
118
Major sites of exchange of nutrients and oxygen in tissues; very thin walled vessels
Capillaries
119
Generally, fluid leaves circulatory system in:
Capillaries
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Capillaries lack _____ & _____, so they are nothing more than tunica intima with some pericytes and collagen
Tunica media & Tunica adventitia
121
____ are derived from same precurser cells as endothelial cells
Pericytes
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Pericytes can differentiate into: (following injury)
Endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells
123
Capillaries do not exhibit:
Vasomotor activity themselves
124
Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation are accomplished smooth muscle contraction in arterioles & pre capillary sphincters which results in:
Passive change in capillary diameter
125
What are the types of capillaries? (3)
1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Discontinuous
126
Type of capillary where endothelium forms continuous lining
Continuous capillary
127
What is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous capillary
128
Examples of where you night find continuous capillaries? (3)
Muscle, Lung, CNS
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A type of capillary that the endothelium forms a continuous lining to prevent lymph form leaking out; endothelial cells fit together like pieces of a puzzle
Continuous capillary
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The type of capillary in which the endothelial cells possess pore, or fenestrae within the cells:
Fenestrated capillary
131
In fenestrated capillaries, where are the fenestrae located in relation to the endothelial cell?
Within endothelial cell
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Capillaries that allow large molecular weight stuff to pass through the endothelial lining, or with hormones, you want them to leave the vessel and go to surrounding tissue
Fenestrated capillaries
133
Where are fenestrated capillaries found? (2)
Endocrine system, and GI tract
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The type of capillary where the basal lamina is not continuous:
Discontinuous capillary
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The type of capillary where the endothelial cells are separated by large gaps BETWEEN cells
Discontinuous capillary
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What is the most leaky type of capillary?
Discontinuous
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Discontinuous capillary may form large open spaces called:
Sinusoids
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Where can discontinuous capillaries be found? (4)
Liver, spleen, bone marrow, Inn)
139
Transport across capillaries may occur via: (3)
Fenestrae, transcytosis, or diapedesis
140
Label the types of capillaries
Top to bottom:
1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Discontinuous
141
Label image
1. Junctions- continuous capillary
2. Fenestrae- fenestrated capillary
3. Spaces- discontinuous
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System that functions as a low pressure collecting system for returning from capillary beds to heart
Venous system
143
Venous contains vessels with ___ walls and _____ Relative luminal diameter in comparison to corresponding arteries
Thinner walls
Larger relative luminal diamter
144
In the venous system, there are fewer layers of smooth muscle in _____ compared to similar sized arteries
Tunica media
145
What is the thickest of the 3 layers in veins?
Tunica adventitia
146
In veins what prevents backflow (especially in limbs and thorax)
Valves
147
Valve failure in legs results in:
Varicose veins
148
Why is there a higher likelihood of stagnation in the veins versus arteries?
Gravity
149
Because of ____ its okay to remove veins, the blood will just go to a different vein route.
Colateral circulation
150
Small veins =
Venules
151
Lack elastic lamina, and potentially even tunica media in the smaller ones
Venules
152
~10-50 micrometers; both tunica media and adventitia is reduced or absent
Post-capillary venules
153
Post-capillary venules is a preferential site for:
Diapedesis
154
Venules drain into larger ____, then into _______
Collecting venules ——> muscular venules
155
A type of venule with thin smooth muscle layer in tunica media
Muscular venules
156
What type of substances act on venules?
Vasoactive substances
157
What are examples of vasoactive substances? (2)
Histamine and serotonin
158
Vasoactive substances ____ intercellular spaces
Enlarge
159
Ultimately vasoactive substances:
Increase permeability of vessel
160
The smallest of the venules:
Located immediately after the capillary bed
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Downside of vasodilation in venules:
Leakiness = edema
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Large and medium sized veins are called:
Muscular veins
163
Small muscular veins may or may not contain:
Internal elastic lamina
164
Medium muscular veins contain only:
Internal elastic lamina
165
Large muscular veins contain:
Internal and external elastic laminae
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____ in the tunica media of veins control luminal diameter of muscular veins and venules
Smooth muscle
167
To determine difference between muscular artery and vein, you’d look at:
Wall thickness & Lumen diameter
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Direct connections between arterial and venous system
AV shunts
169
AV shunts bypass:
Capillary bed
170
AV shunts are a type of:
Anastomosis
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AV shunts are commonly found in ____ and function in _____.
Skin; thermoregulation
172
Vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds
Portal vessels
173
Example of portal vessels: (1)
Hepatic portal vein
174
____ of the venous portal system connects the capillary bed of the small intestine, to the capillary bed of the liver.
Hepatic portal vein
175
The idea is that in a shunt, blood detours around capillary bed to: (in AV shunts)
Preserve heat
176
When endothelial vessel is damage, cholesterol adheres to exposed proteins to form a:
Cholesterol patch
177
Once the endothelium heals (after the vessel damage & cholesterol patch):
Cholesterol patch is reabsorbed
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When endothelium of vessel is damaged, cholesterol adheres to:
Exposed proteins
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After healing of the damaged endothelial vessel, the cholesterol is phagocytosed by _____.
Macrophages
180
After healing and after the cholesterol is phagocytosed by macrophages, further phagocytosis occurs by:
Endothelial and subintimal cells
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The endothelial & subintimal cells that later phagocytose the cholesterol patch form:
Foam cells
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What types of cells compose foam cells?
Endothelial and subintimal cells
183
What is the purpose of the cholesterol patch formation when and endothelium is damaged?
Prevents initiation of clotting cascade
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Following damage to endothelium of vessel, if inflammatory response becomes chronic this results in: (condition)
Atherosclerosis
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Following damage to endothelium of vessel, if inflammatory response becomes chronic this results in: (what is formed)
Plaque
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In atherosclerosis, the plaque formation can be:
Generalized or focal
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If you have high cholesterol and the cholesterol patch persists, the macrophages come in and try to engulf the cholesterol. But, there is so much cholesterol that the macrophages have to recruit other cells to come and these different cells have ____.
Cholesterol vacuoles
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In atherosclerosis, all the recruited cells with cholesterol vacuoles begin to take on the appearance of:
Brown fat
189
When cholesterol patch persists (in case of atherosclerosis) we get the development of:
Foam cells
190
What minimizes the effects of atherosclerosis
Vitamin C
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In the later stages of atherosclerosis, you get the proliferation of ____ cells and formation of:
Smooth muscle cells, and formation of fibrous connective tissue capsule
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In atherosclerosis, the formation of the connective tissue capsule around the plaque is formed by fibroblasts migrating in and producing:
Collagen
193
In atherosclerosis, the presence of collagen around the plaque results in the limited ability for ___ and ____ to get into the plaque ultimately resulting in ______ & ______.
Oxygen and nutrients
Necrosis & secondary calcification
194
In atherosclerosis, the necrosis and secondary calcification is also known as:
Hardening of artery
195
In atherosclerosis, as plaques thicken and enlarge, the vessel lumen size decreases and this results in:
Elevated systolic BP
196
Atherosclerosis is often associated with what condition:
Hypertension
197
What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?
Atherosclerosis
198
In ischemic heart disease due atherosclerosis, the lumen of the coronary artery may decrease by:
90%
199
Gradual narrowing of lumen in vessel:
Stenosis
200
Gradual narrowing (stenosis) of vessel by plaque:
Thrombosis
201
Thrombosis can also be referred to as _____ of a vessel.
Occlusion
202
As plaque enlarges, or if endothelium is damages, this exposes:
Underlying collagen
203
Decreased oxygen uptake by tissue:
Anoxia
204
Heart becomes anoxic the resulting chest pain is known as:
Angina
205
______ formation initiates the clotting cascade:
Thrombus
206
Broken off piece of thrombus:
Embolus
207
If a piece of thrombus breaks off, this causes:
Thromboembolic disease
208
Sudden occlusion by embolus=
Acute ischemic event
209
During an acute ischemic event what two symptoms results:
Anoxia & Angina
210
If ischemia is untreated and resulting in portion of muscle dying, this is called:
Myocardial infarction
211
Death of muscle by ischemia:
Myocardial infarction
212
In myocardial infarctions, what cell is terminally differentiated?
Cardiac muscle cell (myocytes)
213
Because the myocytes are terminally differentiated, they are unable to:
Regenerate
214
Due to the myocytes inability to regenerate, if a portion of the muscle dies, we need:
Fibroblasts to produce collagen
215
Problem with fixing gap in cardiac muscle with collagen rather than muscle?
Collagen isn’t as stretchy like the original muscle was
216
All healing during MI has to occur via:
Fibrosis
217
Due to the connective tissue replacement (from MI), the loss of contactility results in:
Decrease or partial loss of function
218
During prolonged ischemia, in addition to MI, ____ can also be effected.
Heart valves
219
Inflammation and thinking of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence leads to:
Increased turbulence & regurgitation
220
When inflammation and thickening of the AV valves occurs leading to increased turbulence and regurgitation, this leads to what conditions:
Vegetative endocarditis & Thromboembolic disease
221
Similar to MI except it affects the brain instead of heart:
Stroke
222
In a stroke, issues occur because ____ are terminally differentiated.
Neurons
223
What stage are both cardiac muscle cells and neurons stuck in?
Go (G NOT PHASES)
224
The loss of neurons caused by inability to receive oxygen and nutrients, ultimately results in:
Cerebral infarct
225
Cerebral infarct basically means our cells are _____, and we have a ______
Dead; loss of function
226
In a stroke, what determines the symptoms and severity of a clot:
Location of clot
227
Occurs when blood vessels dilate to form thin-walled balloon-like regions:
Aneurisms
228
Aneurisms are common in the:
Aorta and brain
229
Middle aged Asian women are at an increased risk of developing ______ (numerous bleeding little blood vessels) and the effect can be cumulative over time.
TIAs
230
The lymph vascular system is structurally similar to:
Veins
231
The lymph vascular system is structurally similar to veins but the endothelial cells:
Are thinner and have greater permeability
232
Lymph endothelial cells are highly active in:
Phagocytosis
233
The lymph vascular system has very thin:
Tunica media
234
____ are present in the lymph vascular system
Valves
235
What may or may not be present in the lymph vascular system?
Pericytes and basement membrane
236
What is the excess fluid that the lymph vascular system drains?
Lymph
237
The lymph vascular system is responsible for drainage of lymph from where and returns it to where:
ECS and returns it to blood stream
238
Lymph is formed as a result of:
High hydrostatic pressure in arterioles
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In arterioles, the high hydrostatic pressure exceeds the _______ exerted by plasma proteins
Colloidal oncotic pressure
240
In the lymph vascular system, when the high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeds the colloidal oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins this results in leakage of: (what and where)
water, electrolytes and plasma proteins from capillaries into ECS
241
Lymph is very high in:
Protein
242
The ECS is drained by a series of:
Interconnected, blind-ending tubules
243
The ECS is drained by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules called:
Lymphatics
244
The lymphatics converge on the:
Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
245
What is the largest lymph vessel in the body?
Thoracic duct
246
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct both contain:
Tunica media
247
Lymph returns to the blood stream at junction of:
Left internal jugular vein & Left subclavian vein
248
Because the lymph vascular system relies on body movement and contraction of skeletal muscle, immobility may lead to:
Peripheral edema (swollen feet)
249
What are interspersed along lymph vessels?
Lymph nodes
250
Contain lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling and recognition; activation of immune cells and production of antibodies:
Lymph nodes
251
Asymmetrical lymph drainage is important in:
Tumor metastasis
252
Thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid (lymph), occasional WBCs
Lymph node
253
The basement membrane in lymph nodes is ____ or ______.
Rudimentary or absent
254
Antigen sampling ——> Immune activation ——-> Lymph trap!
Lymph nodes
255
In some areas of the body especially the _____, lymphatic drainage is asymmetrical.
Thorax
256
Disease due to fallarid worm, they like the inguinal lymph nodes and they obstruct the return of lymph to the periphery:
Elephantiasis
