Skeletal System (Exam II) Flashcards
(290 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of bone?
A
Support & locomotion/movement
2
Q
What is the secondary function of bone?
A
Protection, mineral storage, hemopoeisis
3
Q
Bone is ____, while cartilage is _____.
A
Rigid; semi-ridid
4
Q
Both bone and cartilage are derived from:
A
Primitive mesenchymal cells
5
Q
What is the relative strength of bone and cartilage due to?
A
Properties of ground substance and extracellular fibers
6
Q
_____ is a bone precurser
A
Cartilage
7
Q
Cartilage formation begins with ____ cells which differentiated into ______.
A
Stellate mesenchymal cells; rounded chondroblasts
8
Q
The rounded chondroblasts of cartilage grow and synthesize:
A
Ground substance and fibrous extracellular matrix
9
Q
When the chondroblasts grow and synthesize ground substance & fibrous extracellular matrix, what happens?
A
The chondroblasts get trapped inside lacunae
10
Q
In cartilage, further mitotic divisions produces clusters of mature _____ referred to as _____.
A
Chondrocytes; isogenous groups
11
Q
The isogenous groups of chondrocytes are separated by:
A
Extracellular matrix
12
Q
The ECM surrounding the isogenous groups
A
Territorial matrix
13
Q
The pink ECM between the isogenous groups of chondrocytes:
A
Interteritorial matrix
14
Q
Cartilage is surrounded by:
A
Perichondrium
15
Q
The peripheral zone of dense connective tissues, containing fibroblasts, collagen & immature chondroblasts
A
Perichondrium
16
Q
In what type of growth, does cartilage form within the mass?
A
Interstitial growth
17
Q
What type of growth allows chondrocytes to retain the ability to divide
A
Interstitial growth
18
Q
Type cartilage growth where new cartilage forms at surface of pre-existing cartilage
A
Appositional growht
19
Q
What type of cartilage growth is more common?
A
Appositional
20
Q
In appositional growth, new chondrocytes are derived from mesenchymal cells of the:
A
Inner perichondrium
21
Q
In appositional growth, the new chondrocytes derived form mesenchymal cells of inner perichondrium differentiate first into:
A
Chondroblasts
22
Q
In appositional growth, more mature chondrocytes present at _______, while the younger cells present at ________.
A
Center of cartilage mass; periphery
23
Q
Bone growth can be directly ______ cells to ______ OR ____ cells to _______ to ________
A
Mesenchymal cells —-> bone
Mesenchymal cells ——> cartilage ——> bone
24
Q
What is found in the perichondrium? (Peripheral zone of dense connective tissue)
A
- Fibroblasts
- Collagen
- Immature chondroblasts
25
What type of connective tissue is cartilage?
Avascular
26
Cartilage lacks:
Blood vessels
27
Since cartilage is a vascular, exchange of metabolites occurs via:
Diffusion through ground substance
28
Since cartilage relies on diffusion of metabolites through the ground substance, this limits the:
Thickness of cartilage
29
If cartilage is thick, it will have blood vessels in:
Secondary cartilage canals
30
Cartilage contains an ECM of ______ containing ___.
Amorphous ground substance containing collagen
31
The ECM of cartilage is hydrates and contains ~60-80% H20 bound to:
Proteoglycans
32
The hydration status of the matrix accounts for its: (2)
Flexibility & incompressibility
33
The GAGs found in cartilage (3):
1. Hyaluronic acid (non-sulfated)
2. Chondroitin sulfate
3. Heparin sulfate
34
The most common glycoprotein in cartilage is:
Chondronectin
35
Potentially, chondronectin can have:
Anti-cancer properties
36
What determines the different types of cartilage:
Amounts of fibers embedded within matrix
37
Type of cartilage found within articular surfaces, growth plates, nasal septum, coastal cartilage (ribs), tracheal and bronchial rings:
Hyaline cartilage
38
Precursor of bone in most skeleton:
Hyaline cartilage
39
Collagen type that is characterized by aggregates of chondrocytes in amorphous matrix of ground substance & reinforced with type II collagen fibers:
Hyaline cartilage
40
What type of collagen fibers are present in hyaline cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
41
What is the most common type of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
42
The Greek term hylos means:
Glass look
43
Specific locations for what type of cartilage:
1. End of long bones
2. Growth plates
3. Nasal septum
4. Articular surfaces
5. Octal cartilage
6. Tracheal & bronchial rings
Hyaline cartilage
44
What is a common precursor for bone in the skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
45
Consists of alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue:
Fibrocartilage
46
What type of collagen fibers are present in fibrocartilage:
Type I & Type II collagen
47
Fibrocartilage is less ____ than the other types of cartilage
Cellular
48
Fibrocartilage lacks:
Perichondrium
49
What type of cartilage is present in intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
50
What type of cartilage is found in these articular areas:
Knee
Mandible (TMJ)
Shoulder
Sternum
Ligaments
Tendons
Joint capsules
Pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage
51
Cartilage that is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage with addition of large numbers of elastic fibers in ECM:
Elastic cartilage
52
What type of collagen fibers are present in elastic cartilage?
Type II
53
Type of cartilage found in the external ear, auditory eustachian canals, epiglottis, and larynx?
Elastic cartilage
54
Type of cartilage that has a very limited distribution throughout the body?
Elastic cartilage
55
____ in cartilage is limited because it requires blood flow
Repair
56
Because repair in cartilage is limited, because it requires blood flow, this results in production of:
Dense connective tissue (fibrosis)
57
Production of dense connective tissue:
Fibrosis
58
Invasion of cartilagenous site by blood vessels frequently results in: (2)
1. Death of chondrocytes
2. Formation of bone
59
There is a tendency for all hyaline cartilage to:
Calcify with age
60
The calcification of hyaline cartilage is due to the deposition of _______ within the matrix
Calcium phosphate crystals
61
The deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within the matrix of hyaline cartilage eventually results in:
Bone
62
The most common repair of cartilage is done via:
Fibrosis
63
In the healing process of cartilage, the chondrocytes get replaced with:
Osteocytes
64
Old people are stiff because they do not have the same amount of ____ in there cartilage as younger people do:
Turgor pressure
65
Specialized support tissue in which the extracellular components are mineralized
Bone
66
What are two characteristics of bone
Strength & rigidity
67
What are the two main forms of bone?
Woven & lamellar
68
Immature form of bone characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers
Woven bone
69
describe the orientation of collagen fibers of woven bone
Random, disorganized
70
Immature woven bone is later remodeled into:
Lamellar bone
71
Lamellar bone contains concentric layers called:
Circumferential lamellae
72
In lamellar bone, the collagen fibers fibers of the circumferential lamellae are oriented:
Parallel
73
The extracellular components of bone are:
Mineralized
74
Lamellar bone can be either:
Dense & compact or cancellous & spongy
75
Where might we find dense and compact lamellar bone?
Cortex of long bones
76
Where might we find cancellous & spongy lamellar bone?
Ends of bones
77
Cancellous bone contains a network of thing, bony: (2)
Trabeculae and open spaces
78
Trabeculae of cancellous bone can also be called:
Spicules
79
The open spaces of cancellous bone:
Marrow cavity
80
What types of bones are found in the limbs?
Long bones
81
Shaft of long bones:
Diaphysis
82
The diaphysis of long bones contains compact bone in the _____, & spongy cancellous bone in the ____
Cortex
Medullary cavity (marrow)
83
What type of marrow is contained within long bones?
Red marrow or yellow marrow
84
Red bone marrow is:
Hematopoietic
85
Yellow bone marrow is:
Fatty bone marrow
86
Ends of long bones:
Epiphysis
87
The epiphysis of long bones is composed of ____ bone covered with _____.
Spongy/cancellous bone covered with hyaline articular cartilage
88
Flared regions between epiphysis & diaphysis:
Metaphysis
89
The metaphysis contains the ____ of long bones:
Epiphyseal plate
90
The swollen ends of long bones:
Epihysis
91
The external surface of bone is covered by:
Periosteum
92
A layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the external surface of bone
Periosteum
93
What type of cells are found within periosteum?
Fibroblasts & osteoprogenitor cells
94
The internal marrow cavity is lined by:
Endosteum
95
Parallel bundles of collagen fibers, that extend from the periosteum or muscle tendon and insert into the superficial layer of bone:
Sharpeys fibers
96
Sharpeys fibers provide:
Anchorage & support
97
Resting mesenchymal cells that reside in the periosteum and endosteum
Osteoprogenitor cells
98
Where do osteoprogenitor cells reside?
Periosteum & endosteum
99
Osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate into:
Osteoblasts & osteocytes
100
Roughly polygonal, mesenchymal cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
101
Osteoblasts are very ____ due to the synthesis of large amount of protein and proteoglycans
Basophilic
102
Osteoblasts synthesize large amounts of:
Proteins & proteglycans
103
Osteoblasts are responsible for synthesis of ECM & collagen, collectively referred to as:
Osteoid
104
Osteoid is similar to _____ and later mineralizes to form ___.
Cartilage; bone
105
Osteoblasts are responsible for calcification of matrix via:
Secretion of matrix vesicles
106
The matrix vesicles secreted by osteoblasts contain:
Alkaline phophatase
107
The matrix vesicles bud off the osteoblasts into the matrix causing precipitation of:
Mineral salts
108
Mineral salts that precipitate due to matrix vesicles budding off the osteoblasts:
Calcium and PO4
109
After the osteoid matrix mineralizes, osteoblasts mature into osteocytes in the:
Lacunae
110
Mature bone cells:
Osteocytes
111
Large multinucleate bone cells:
Osteoclasts
112
osteoclasts are likely derived from _____ & have _____ properties
Monocyte-macrophage lineage; phagocytic
113
Osteoclasts are actively involved in:
Resorption & remodeling of bone
114
Where are osteoclasts usually found:
Howships lacunae or resorption bays
115
What are howships lacunae or resorption bays?
Endosteal/periosteal surface depressions
116
Type of cell that function in calcium homeostasis:
Osteoclasts
117
osteoclasts function in calcium homeostasis by producing:
Organic acids & lysozymes
118
Modified folded plasma membrane, containing microvilli-like structure, (where the lysozymes & organic acids secreted into ECS chew away the bone)
Ruffled border
119
Bone serves as a reservoir for ____ & function in homeostasis of _____
Calcium ; calcium
120
What are the two antagonistic hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis:
Parathormone & calcitonin
121
Parathormone =
Parathyroid hormone
122
Parathyroid hormone is secreted by:
Parathyroid gland
123
Parathyroid hormones stimulates ______ activity leading to ______.
Osteoclast activity; bone resorption
124
Parathyroid hormones ____ blood calcium levels & _____ renal exertion by kidneys
Increase; decrease
125
Calcitonin is secreted by:
Thyroid gland
126
Calcitonin stimulates _____ activity and inhibits ____ activity
Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
127
Calcitonin functions in bone _____.
Deposition
128
Calcitonin _____ blood calcium levels
Decreases
129
Pituitary growth hormone:
Somatotropin
130
Hormone responsible for stimulating growth especially epiphyseal cartilage and bone
Somatotropin
131
Somatotropin _____ blood calcium levels
Decreaes
132
Oversecretion of somatotropin can lead to _____ or ______. Under secretion of somatotropin can lead to ____.
Gigantism or acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
133
The majority of the organic component of compact bone is comprised of ______, synthesized by _____.
Type I collagen synthesized by osteoblasts
134
GAGs of ground substance consist mostly of: (3)
Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate
135
Non-collagenous organic molecules include:
Osteocalcin, osteonectin, & sialoproteins
136
Non-collagenous organic molecule that binds intracellular calcium during mineralization
Osteocalcin
137
Non-collagenous organic molecule that bridges/binds collagen & minerals
Osteonectin
138
Non-collagenous organic molecule that is rich is Salic acid and is concentrated from plasma
Sialoproteins
139
Mineralized component of bone is formed by:
inorganic salts
140
Inorganic salts that form the mineralized component of bone:
Calcium & phosphate
141
Calcium & phosphate form the mineralized component of bone in the form of:
Hydroxyapatite crystals
142
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Hydroxyapatite crystals
143
Bone also has the affinity for:
Heavy metals and radioactive isotopes
144
2 examples of heavy metals that bone has affinity for:
Lead and mercury
145
Type 1 collagen is the primary _____ in mature bone.
Structural protein
146
Compact bone contains ___ systems also called ____.
Haversian systems; osteons
147
How are osteons produced?
Bony remodeling
148
Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts
Remodelng
149
The size of the average haversian system is equivalent to:
Size of osteoclast
150
The outer margin of osteon is delimited by:
Cement line
151
What invades the empty tunnels created by osteoclasts:
Osteoblasts
152
Osteoblasts become trapped in _____ in osteoid matrix & mature into _____.
Lacunae ; osteocytes
153
Minute canals connecting osteocytes:
Canaliculi
154
The canaliculi contain:
Cytoplasmic extensions
155
Osteocytes communicate with eachother when they’re trapped through:
Gap junctions
156
Within center of each osteon:
Haversian canal
157
The Haversian canal contains:
Blood vessels and nerves
158
Longitudinal Haversian canals are connected by transverse:
Volkman’s canals
159
What is exchanged through Haversian canals?
Waste & nutrients
160
Haversian systems are oriented:
Parallel to the long axis of bone
161
Inactive haversian systems:
Interstitial systems
162
____ bone lacks haversian systems
Spongy & woven bone
163
Haversian systems are only present in _____ bone.
Compact lamellar
164
Outer periphery of cortisol bone is arranged in:
Circumferential lamellae
165
Cortical bone is also called:
Compact lamellar bone
166
Volkman’s canals run _____ to the long axis of bone.
Perpendicular
167
The osteons run through the major lines of _____ of the bone.
Tension
168
Bone growth is controlled by (3)
Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones
169
Replacement of cartilage precursor by bone:
Endochondral ossification
170
In endochondral ossification, the resulting woven bone is extensively remodel by ______ & ______ to form lamellar bone.
Resorption & appositional growth
171
Long bones, vertebra, pelvis and base of skull all undergo what type of bone process:
Endochondral ossification
172
Direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone; NO cartilage precursor
Intramembranous ossification
173
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, produce osteoid, later mineralizes into bone
Intramembranous ossificaton
174
The vault of the skull undergoes what type of bone growth
Intramembranous ossification
175
In endochrondral ossification, the precursor of long bone is formed of:
Hyaline cartilage
176
The primary center of ossification occurs in:
Mid-diaphysis
177
Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts secrete osteoid which mineralizes forming:
Periosteal cuff
178
Calcification of cartilage matrix inhibits:
Diffusion of nutrients
179
Diffusion of nutrients is inhibited by the calcification of cartilage matrix this results in death of _____ & spread of _____
Chondrocytes and spread of osteoblasts
180
In endochondral ossification, the osteoprogenitor cells from the ____ migrate to the _____ along with growing blood vessels
Periosteum —-> medulla
181
In endochondral ossification two _____ occur in the epiphysis
Centers of ossification
182
In endochondral ossification, the 1’ center of ossification occurs in the _____ while the 2’ centers of ossification occurs in the _____.
Mid-diaphysis
Epiphysis
183
_____ is a region of metaphysis that remains open (unmineralized) in endochondral ossification:
Epiphyseal plate
184
The epiphyseal plate allows for continuous:
Longitudinal growth
185
At maturity, hormonal changes decrease _____ & cartilage plate is replaced by bone.
Cartilage proliferation
186
Closure of epiphysis means complete:
Ossification
187
Last long bone to close in humans:
Femur
188
After closure, the growth plate persists as ______ in metaphysis, visible on X-rays
Epiphyseal line
189
Type of growth humans and mammals have:
Determinate growth
190
The epiphyseal growth plate consist of several distinct zones in transition from:
Cartilage to bone
191
Hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes, no cell proliferation (zone)
Zone of reserve cartilage
192
Successive mitotic divisions of chondrocytes leading to columns of chondrocytes (zone)
Zone of proliferation
193
Division ceases and chondrocytes increase in size: (zone)
Zone of maturation
194
The zone closest to the epiphysis:
Zone of reserve cartilage
195
Chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, and come vacuolated & calcify (zone)
Zone of hypertrophy (& calcification)
196
Capillaries of marrow cavity grow from diaphysis into growth plate: (zone)
Zone of (cartilage) degeneration
197
In the zone of degernation, chondrocytes ______ and the lacunae are invaded by _____.
Degenerate ; invaded by osteoprogenitor cells
198
Blood vessels from marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass: (zone)
Zone of ossification
199
Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony trabeculae: (zone)
Zone of ossification
200
In Intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into:
Osteoblasts
201
During Intramembranous ossification the osteoblasts begin synthesizing ____ at multiple sites within the _____.
Osteoid within the membrane
202
How many centers of ossification occur in Intramembranous ossification
Multiple centers of ossification
203
During Intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts get trapped in lacunae of osteoid and become:
Osteocytes
204
_____ cells at the _____ continue to divide, providing replacements
Osteoprogenitor cells @ the periphery
205
During Intramembranous ossification the bone produced is:
Woven bone
206
During Intramembranous ossification, the woven bone is later remodeled by _____ & _____ to form compact bone.
Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts
207
Embryonic undifferentiated cells:
Mesenchymal cells
208
During Intramembranous ossification what type of cells are located at the periphery?
Osteoprogenitor cells
209
A break where there is no break of skin:
Simple/ closed fracture
210
A break that causes damage to the skin exposing bone:
Compound/open fracture
211
Type of break in which bone is broken in several pieces
Comminuted fracture
212
Following a break, what fills the fracture site? What is this also called?
Blood fills fracture site; aka hematoma
213
Immediately after fracture, inflammatory response develops leading to:
Pain, swelling, redness & heat
214
The acute phase of a bone break occurs:
First few days after break
215
In the acute phase, _____ are first to arrive.
Neutrophils
216
In the acute phase, the neutrophils are first to arrive and:
Infiltrate the hematoma
217
In the acute phase, after the neutrophils infiltrate the hematoma, _____ then come to clean up the site of injury
Macrophages
218
After about 1 week in the acute phase of a bone break, _____ & _____ proliferate and grow into the site
Fibroblasts & capillaries
219
After about 1 week post break, the fibroblasts & capillaries grow into the site to form:
Granulation tissue
220
The granulation tissue formed by the fibroblasts & capillaries is ______ tissue.
Vascular collagenous tissue
221
Post break, the granulation tissue becomes progressively more fibrous in the _____ phase.
Chronic phase
222
In the chronic phase post break, the granulation tissue becomes progressively more fibrous forming:
Fibrous granulation tissue
223
Following the formation of fibrous granulation tissue, ______ cells differentiate into _____ and secrete matrix.
Mesenchymal cells; chondroblasts
224
Post break, when the mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts & secrete matrix, this causes progressive replacement of granulation tissue by ______ forming _______.
Hyaline cartilage; provisional callous
225
After the provisional callous is formed in bone repair, _____ & _____ cells from the endosteum & periosteum at the edge of the wound grow ____.
Osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts
226
After the osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts grow inward, they produces a mesh work of ______ within the provisional callous.
Woven bone
227
The osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts produce a mesh work of woven bone within the provisional callous and deposit _____ in the collagen matrix
Calcium salts
228
The deposition of the calcium salts in the collagen matrix of the woven bone within the provisional callous transforms the provisional callous into a:
Bony callous
229
The bony callous helps to:
Stabilize and bind fracture together
230
When the fracture site is completely bridged by woven bone, this is called:
Bony union
231
The bony callous is progressively remodeled to form:
Mature lamellar bone
232
The process of bone repair takes around 6-12 weeks dependent upon:
Severity and location
233
Joint allowing for extensive movement
Synovial
234
Synovial joints are also known as:
Diarhtroses
235
Synovial joints (diarthroses) are surrounded by a:
Connective tissue capsule
236
The connective tissue capsule that surrounds the synovial joints:
Joint capsule
237
The synovial joint is lined by a thin, discontinuous layer of cells called the:
Synovium
238
The synovium secretes ____ which functions to _____.
Synovial fluid which bathes the articular surface
239
Synovial joints have no basement membrane so they do not have a true:
Epithelium
240
Synovial joints are made of up to 4 cell layers of ______ of _____ origin.
Synovial cells of mesenchymal origin
241
Two types of cells in synovial joints:
A & B
242
Type A synoviocytes resemble:
Macrophages
243
Type B synoviocytes resemble:
Fibroblasts
244
Joint characterized by limited movement, joined by dense connective tissue, lacking an articular surface:
Nonsynovial
245
Dense fibrous tissue between bones:
Syndesmosis
246
In the skull, syndesmosis is progressively replaced by bone to become _______.
Synotosis
247
Synotosis of the skull is also called:
Sutures
248
Primary cartilage joint that contains a single layer of hyaline cartilage:
Synchondrosis
249
What type of joint unites the first rib with the sternum (only one in adult human)
Synchondrosis (primary cartilage joint)
250
What type of cartilage is found in Synchondrosis?
Hyaline cartilage
251
Secondary cartilage joint
Symphysis
252
cartilage joint that contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by fibrocartilage plate
Symphysis
253
Intervertebral discs are a specialized type of:
Symphysis
254
Intervertebral joints contain intervertebral discs that are evolutionarily derived from _____ in _____.
Notochord in chordates
255
Intervertebral discs are formed of concentric layers of:
Fibrocartilage
256
Central cord of viscous ground substance of the intervertebral disc
Nucleolus pulposis
257
Dense layer that forms around the nucleolus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
258
Damage to the annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus to _____ resulting in _____
Herniate ; herniated disc
259
Inflammation of joints:
Arthritis
260
Progressive degeneration and loss of articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis
261
Osteoarthritis leads to:
Eburnation, pitting, erosion
262
The eburnation, pitting, and erosion caused by osteoarthritis leads to:
Pain, swelling, and thickening of joint capsule
263
Production of irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces
Osteophytes
264
Osteophytes may also be called:
Bone spurs
265
Osteophytes (bone spurs) limit the:
Range of motion
266
Progressive build up of osteophytes, osteoarthritis, or trauma can lead to:
Ankylosis
267
Bone fusion of joint with loss of mobility:
Ankylosis
268
Polishing of articular surface:
Eburnation
269
Most common pathology we see of bones:
Arthiritis
270
Local autoimmune reaction in joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
271
Rheumatoid arthritis is when the body produces _____ that attacks the joints:
Antibodies
272
In RA, the antibodies that attack the joints, leads to pain and damage of the articular cartilage & thickening and inflammation of the:
Synovial membrane
273
Replacement of articulate cartilage with fibrovascular tissue:
Pannus
274
Deposited of urates and uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers and toes)
Gout
275
Gout is extremely painful and associated with of consumption of large quantities of:
Red wine & meat
276
Causative vegetables of gout:
Asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower & brussel sprouts
277
The certain veggies associated with gout all represent ____ & are high in _____ & _____
New growth & protein & nitrogen
278
Bone matrix that doesn’t calcify normally in children during growth resulting in soft, deformed bones & can be permanent
Rickets
279
Rickets is due to insufficiency in dietary _____ or ____
Calcium or vitamin D
280
In adults, insufficient calcium and vitamin D can lead to:
osteomalacia
281
Failure of mineralization resulting in softening of bone in adults: (pretty much adult form of rickets)
Osteomalacia
282
Loss of bone mass
Osteoporosis
283
In osteoporosis the ____ by osteoclasts exceeds the _____ by osteoblasts
Resorption ; deposition
284
Osteoporosis is a common problem in ______ due to decreased _____
Menopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels
285
Osteoporosis can be treated by: (5) ORAL
Oral calcium
Oral vitamin D
Chondroitin
Glucosamine
Gelatin
286
Fosamax, a newer osteoporosis medication functions by binding _____ in the GI tract to minimize ____
Possible side effect includes:
Function by binding phosphates in GI tract to minimize absorption
Mandibular necrosis
287
VItamin C is necessary for the synthesis of:
Collagen
288
Vitamin C deficiency causes:
Scurvy
289
When the bone matrix is not calcified due to lack of vitamin C
Scurvy
290
Vitamin D deficiency can also lead to weakening of collagen in: (in addition to scurvy_
Ligands (periodontal ligament)
