Class 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
EBP
“An approach to health care practice that explicitly
acknowledges the evidence that bears on each patient
management decision, the strength of that evidence, the
benefits and risk of alternative management strategies, and the role of patients’ values and preferences in trading off those benefits and risks.”
Cognitive biases
Biases are tendencies to think in certain ways that
can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of
rationality or good judgment.
6 cognitive biases:
Inability to accept randomness • Regression to the mean • Bias toward positive evidence • Bias by prior beliefs • Availability • Social influences
Inability to accept randomness
Seeing patterns where none exist
Regression to the mean
When things are at extremes, they tend to settle back towards the middle: we assume that other things cause this. ex: I got so bad and then I got better, it’s probably because of X
Bias toward positive evidence
The innate tendency to seek out and overvalue evidence that confirms a given hypothesis, giving a spurious sense of confirmation.
Bias by prior beliefs
When the quality of new evidence is not valued objectively but according to how it validates preexisting views.
Availability
Our attention is drawn to information that is exceptional and interesting, making it “highly available”. We become
Social influences
Our beliefs socially conform. We are selectively exposed to information that revalidates our beliefs. The way society is organized, we are limited to situations, people and questions that support our beliefs.
Metabias
The tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people, or to be able to identify more cognitive biases in others than in oneself
Dialectic
The art of investigating and discussing the truth of opinions
Deductive reasoning
Begin with a premise, add a second premise, and then draw an inference. The conclusion necessarily (logically) follows from the premise. It is certain.
Inductive reasoning
Forms a hypothesis, allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false even if all premises are true.
Deductive: qual/quan
quand
Pyramid of research
Systematic review, meta-analysis >RCT >cohort study > case control study > cross sectional > in depth qual> case report
Research is a
systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Name of cochrane sign
blobbogram, they did a meta-analysis
Paradigm
Worldview.
Characterised by how they respond to basic philosophical questions:
Ontology: what is the nature of reality?
Epistemology: what is the nature of knowledge
Renaissance
Revolutions in intellectual pursuits through printing presses and democratized learning
Age of enlightenment
Embracing reason over dogma
Period of social upheaval, contesting powers of
church, state, academia
Revolutions in science
Empirical evidence and the use
of mathematics
Rationalism: changing beliefs
when presented with evidence.
Increasing reliance on
observation and inductive
reasoning
Positivism
Emphasizes the rational and the scientific, excludes theories that cannot be tested. The truth (nature) can be determined objectively through measurement and experimentation: the scientific method. Specific concepts Control over context Verification of hunches Seeks gen Quan
Scientific method:
- Make an observation
- Form a question
- Form a hypothesis
- Test the hypothesis through controlled observation/ experiment
- analyse the data and draw a conclusion
Types of quan research
Descriptive • Correlational • Quasi experimental • Experimental
