Class 4

Question 1

In general, qual design is:

Answer 1

•Flexible: Adjusting to new information during the course of data collection
•Holistic: Understanding of the whole
Triangulating: Merging of various data collection strategies
•Immersing: Researchers become intensely involved
•Iterative: Data analysis is ongoing to formulate subsequent strategies and to determine
when data collection is done

Question 2

Design: Time

Answer 2

Cross sectional: Snapshot in time
Longitudinal: Multiple data collection points over time to observe the evolution of some
phenomenon

Question 3

Methods (examples)

Answer 3

Participant observation: A method of collecting data through the participation in and observation of a group or culture

In depth Interviews: Key informants: Persons knowledgeable about a focal phenomenon and who are willing to share information and insights with the researcher

Focus group discussions: An interview with a small group assembled to provide feedback on a given topic, usually guided by a moderator using a semi structured topic guide

Question 4

Traditions

Answer 4

ethnography,
phenomenology,
grounded theory

Question 5

Ethnography: a branch of

Answer 5

anthropology

Question 6

Perspectives: emic or etic

Answer 6

emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic,
from outside (from the perspective of the observer).

Question 7

Ethnography

Answer 7

understand how people live their lives, tacit knowledge about culture

Question 8

Phenomenology: roots in

Answer 8

psych

Question 9

Phenomenology

Answer 9

understand people’s everyday life experiences, essence that can be understood, style of thought

Question 10

2 main schools of thought in phenomenology

Answer 10

descriptive and interpretive

Question 11

Grounded Theory: roots in

Answer 11

sociology

Question 12

Grounded Theory:

Answer 12

the construction of theory through methodic gathering and analysis of data. involved. seek to understand actions by
focusing on the main concern or problem that the individuals’ behavior is designed to address. conceptual categories. Data collection, data analysis, and sampling of participants occur simultaneously.

Question 13

Critical approaches

Answer 13

critical theory, feminist research, PAR

Question 14

critical theory

Answer 14

An approach to viewing the world that involves a critique of society, with the the goal of envisioning new possibilities and effecting social change

Question 15

feminist research

Answer 15

Research that seeks to understand, typically through qualitative approaches, how gender and a gendered social order shape women’s lives and their consciousness

Question 16

PAR

Answer 16

A research approach based on the premise that the use and production of knowledge can be political and used to exert power

Question 17

Selection methods:

Answer 17

Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling
Purposive sampling

Question 18

Maximum variation sampling

Answer 18

Most widely used method of purposive sampling. It involves purposefully selecting persons (or settings) with
variation on dimensions of interest.

Question 19

Homogeneous sampling

Answer 19

Deliberately reduces variation and permits a more focused inquiry.

Question 20

Extreme (deviant) case sampling

Answer 20

opportunities for learning from the most unusual and extreme informants cases that at least on the surface
seem like “exceptions to the rule” (e.g., outstanding successes and notable failures).

Question 21

Intensity sampling

Answer 21

Information rich cases that manifest the phenomenon of interest intensely but not as extreme or potentially
distorting manifestations: to select rich cases that offer strong examples of the phenomenon.

Question 22

Reputational case sampling

Answer 22

cases recommended by an expert or key informant. Useful when researchers have little information about
how best to proceed with sampling and must rely on recommendations from others.

Question 23

Critical case sampling

Answer 23

Selecting important cases regarding the phenomenon of interest. With this approach, researchers look for the particularly good story that illuminates critical aspects of the phenomenon and then intensely explore that story.

Question 24

Criterion sampling

Answer 24

Selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance.

Question 25

Revelatory case sampling

Answer 25

Identifying and gaining access to a single case representing a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny.

Question 26

Opportunistic sampling

Answer 26

Adding new cases to a sample based on changes in research circumstances as data are being collected, or in response to new leads and opportunities that may develop in the field.

Question 27

Disconfirming cases

Answer 27

Examples that do not fit and serve to challenge researchers’ interpretations. These negative cases may simply be “exceptions that prove the rule,” but they may be exceptions that disconfirm earlier insights and suggest rival explanations about the phenomenon.

Question 28

Theoretical or theory | based sampling

Answer 28

grounded theory. “the process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes, and analyzes his data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them, in order to develop his theory as it emerges”

Question 29

Data saturation

Answer 29

Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved.

Question 30

sample size, can be affected by

Answer 30

the purpose of the inquiry, the quality of the informants, and the type of sampling strategy used.

Question 31

data saturation - problematic

Answer 31

can't critique an article based on the number. have to see how they decided that it was a sufficient sample.