Class 5 Flashcards
(23 cards)
data collection method semi-structured interview
open-ended questions but not very specific
semi-structured observation
looking for a particular behaviour
Issues in data collection
Gaining trust: Data dependent on the extent that participants open up
Pace of data collection: Intensive (deep conversations that can be sensitive), requiring attentiveness
Emotional investment: Role as researcher may become blurred
Reflexivity: Situating oneself in the research project
Reflexivity
Reflexivity is positioning oneself as a participant in the inquiry and acknowledging the importance of transparency and reflexivity.
Coding:
The process of transforming raw data into standardized forms for data processing and analysis
Identifying and indexing recurring words, themes, or concepts within the data
Coding scheme
Begin with a preliminary coding system or template, or
Begin with the data and let a system evolve
coding process
constant comparison process, look for patterns and relationships
raw data to …
labels, categories, themes
software for coding
caqdas
manifest content
what is actually said
latent content
interpretation of meaning
level 1 coding
Initial labeling and categorizing of large quantities of raw data
Level 4 Coding
Identifying theoretical concepts emerging from saturated categories and themes
Interpretation of data
Iterative process: Data collection Analysis
Incubation: “Living the data”
Reflexivity: Critical self awareness: demonstrates trustworthiness
Creativity: New ways of seeing: aha!
Validity criteria in qualitative research (Whittemore)
Credibility: the conscious effort to establish confidence in an accurate interpretation of the meaning of the data.
Authenticity: the portrayal of research that reflects the meanings and experiences that are lived and perceived by the participants.
Criticality: reflexivity: can detail social position, open inquiry, and critical analysis of all aspects of inquiry contribute to validity in qualitative research.
Integrity: assurance that the interpretation is valid and grounded within the data and not personal opinion.
Evaluative criteria for trustworthiness (Guba & Lincoln)
Credibility: confidence in the ‘truth’ of the data and interpretations of them
Dependability: the findings are consistent and could be repeated, prove it through having an audit trail
Confirmability: the findings are shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias, motivation, or interest, proved by triangulation.
Transferability: the findings have applicability in other contexts, proved by saturation of data
Authenticity: the researcher fairly and faithfully shows a range of realities, conveys participant lives as they are lived
Qual: credibility
quan: interval validity
Qual: dependability
reliability
qual:confirmability
objectivity
qual: transferability
external validity
Strategies to enhance quality
Prolonged engagement and persistent observation: credibility and reflexibility, allows for sat of data
Reflexivity strategies (e.g. memos or reflexive diary)
Comprehensive and vivid recording of information
Member checking: provide feedback to sample to hear their reflexions, show them preliminary codes, reports
Data and method triangulation
Triangulation
Data triangulation: Using multiple data sources to validate conclusions
Time triangulation: Collecting data on the same phenomenon multiple times
Space triangulation: Collecting data on the same phenomenon in multiple sites
Person triangulation: Collecting data from different types or levels of people
Quality-enhancement strategies for coding and analysis
Investigator and theory triangulation: 2 or more people coding, analysing
Searching for confirming evidence: member checking
Searching for disconfirming evidence and competing explanations
Peer review and debriefing
Inquiry audits: having audit trail reviewed by someone external to the research team
